350
300
70.5170
Frequency
250
200
150
100
50
0
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Index value
120
130
140
150
Soil and mineral nutrition
• Soil is a complex product of the interaction
between living organisms and their
terrestrial environment
• Soils are very heterogeneous
• Soil texture describes the relative
contribution of particle with different sizes
that impart different characteristics and
affect plant performance
• Most plants depend on soil to obtain water
and mineral nutrition
• The pH of soil is an important characteristic
that affects nutrient intake
• Essential nutrients are indispensable for
plant growth and reproduction
• Most plants depend on mycorrhizae
(symbiotic relationships with fungi) to
increase phosphorus and other minerals
from the soil
Adventitious
roots
(develop
from stems)
Fibrous root
taproot
enlarging radicle, or
embryonic root
Stem x.s. of
Lycopersicon
(tomato)
http://www.uri.edu/artsci/bio/plant_anatomy/images.html#lab_10
Contain suberin, a fatty
waterproof material
Water enters by osmosis
Nutrient minerals enter by passing through carrier proteins
in the membranes
Root x.s. of Zea mays (corn)
Epidermis
Cortex cell
Endodermis
Pericycle cell
Pith cell
Xylem vessel
element
Phloem cell
http://www.uri.edu/artsci/bio/plant_anatomy/images.html#lab_10
Soil is composed of
•
•
•
•
Inorganic mineral particles
Organic matter
Water
Air
The texture, or structural characteristic of a soil is
determined by the percentages (by weight) of the differentsized inorganic mineral particles -sand (0.02-2 mm), silt
(0.002-0.02 mm), and clay (<0.002 mm), -
A loam: 40 % sand, 40 % silt, and
20 % clay
Igneous rocks
http://cmsc.minotstateu.edu/Labs/rockslab/igneous/igneousbox.html
Metamorphic rocks
http://cmsc.minotstateu.edu/Labs/rockslab/metamorphic/metamorphicbox.html
Sedimentary rocks
http://cmsc.minotstateu.edu/Labs/rockslab/sedimentary/sedimentarybox.html
PreSettlement
Soils
Extant
Habitats
White Sands
Archbold
St. Lucie
Yellow Sands
Astatula
Candler
Lake
Orsino
Paola
Tavares
Grey Sands
Satellite
N
This map was created at the
Archbold Biological Station
Geographic Information
System Laboratory.
Roberta Pickert 1999
0
50
100 km
Kilom eters
0
25
50
75
100
Prepared by:
Roberta L. Pickert.
9 December 1999
www.archbold-station.org
Elements required by plants
(macronutrients, >0.05% dry weight)
Carbon
CO2
carbohydrates ,lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
Hydrogen
H2O
carbohydrates ,lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
Oxygen
H2O, CO2
carbohydrates ,lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
Nitrogen
NO3, NH4
proteins, nucleic acids, and chlorophyll
Potassium
K
osmotic and ionic balance
Calcium
Ca2
in cell walls; membrane permeability
2
Magnesium Mg
chlorophyll;
2
Phosphorus HPO4 ,
Sulfur
H2PO4
SO42
nucleic acids, ATP, phospholipids
Aminoacids
Silicon
SiO32
in cell walls
Table 34-2 pp. 744
Elements required by plants
(micronutrients, <0.05% dry weight)
• Chlorine, Iron, Boron, Manganese, Sodium,
Zinc, Copper, Nickel, Molybdenum
• Parts of enzymes and Ionic balance.
Table 34-2 pp. 744
Nitrogen fixing bacteria,
Azotobacter (ae) and
Clostridium (an)
Plant proteins
Nitrogen wastes
Gain from
atmosphere
Nitrates, NO3
Animal proteins
Decay bacteria and Fungi
Nitrifying bacteria
Ammonium
NH4
Ammonia
Loss to
Atmosphere
Denitrifying bacteria
Denitrifying bacteria
e.g. Nitrobacter
e.g. Nitrosomonas
Nitrites, NO2
The Nitrogen Cycle
Endophytes:
Legume/Rhizobium nodules
Leghaemoglobin sequesters
oxygen and creates a low
oxygen environment
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/BOT410/Roots/RootSymbioses.htm
Occurs in 90 % of all
plant families
Above: Ectomycorrhyzae
Below: Endomycorrhyzae
MOORE-LANDECKER. 1990. FUNDAMENTALS OF THE FUNGI. PRENTICE HALL.
ENGLEWOOD CLIFFS. Pp. 481, fig. 15-9; 483, fig. 15-10
Total mass (g) of
mycorrhyzae
present
absent
Andropogon gerardii
89
66
Sorghastrum nutans
121
62
Wilson and Hartnett. American Journal of Botany 84 No, 4, 1997
Arbuscular
Mycorrhizae
epidermis
Cross-section of Ranunculus root (buttercup)
cortex
stele
immature
Notice
numerous
amyloplasts
which store
starch
Mature
http://www.uri.edu/artsci/bio/plant_anatomy/images.html#lab_10
Close up of Cross-section of
Ranunculus root
Intercellular spaces
immature
Cortex cells
Endodermis cells
Pericycle cells
Phloem cells
Xylem vessel element
http://www.uri.edu/artsci/bio/plant_anatomy/images.html#lab_10
Mature
Cation exchange
Neutral pH near 7
Acid pH, 4-5