Electrochemical systems
for energy storage devices
A. Lisowska-Oleksiak, A.P. Nowak, M. Wilamowska, K. Szybowska
Gdansk University of Technology, Chemical Faculty
Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Energy sources can be divided into three broad categories
Chemical (oxidizing some reduced substance) or photophysical
energy (absorbing sunlight to generate either heat or electricity)
Nuclear reactions (splitting heavy nuclei or by fusing light
nuclei)
Thermomechanical (wind, water, or geological sources of steam
or hot water)
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Steps in electric energy consume:
1) Generation
2) Transmission
3) Convertion
4) Storage (mechanical, chemical, and thermal)
5) Consumption
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
The storage techniques can be divided into four categories
1) Low-power application in isolated areas, essentially to feed transducers
and emergency terminals,
2) Medium-power application in isolated areas (individual electrical
systems, town supply),
3) Network connection application with peak leveling,
4) Power-quality control applications.
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Electricity storage systems (for high and medium power application)
Pumped hydro storage (PHS) – uses for high power applications with 60-85%
of conversion efficiency
Pump-storage
power
station in Żarnowiec
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Electricity storage systems (for high and medium power application)
Compressed air energy storage (CAES) – high power applications,
energy density ~ 12 kWh/m3 with efficiency 70%
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Electricity storage systems (for high and medium power application for
peak leveling)
Energy storage using flow batteries (FBES)
Regenesys Technologies (England) ~ 120MWh with 75% effficiency
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Electricity storage systems (for low and medium power application)
Fuel cells – Hydrogen energy storage (FC– HES)
Main components:
1) Electrolyzer (to produce hydrogen),
2) Fuel cell (to consume hydrogen),
3) tank (to store hydrogen if needed)
Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC),
Polymer Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC),
Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC),
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC),
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC),
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
FC-HES is a low-efficiency solution:
Electrolyzer (70%)
The fuel cell (50%)
Total efficiency ~ 35%
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Electricity storage systems (for low and medium power application)
Chemical storage - transform chemical energy into
electrical energy using Faradaic process
Ox + ne- = Red
Batteries
- Primary (source of the energy)
- Secondary (storage and source of the energy)
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Batteries
(lead–acid, nickel–cadmium, nickel–metal hydride,
nickel–iron,
zinc–air,
iron–air,
lithium–ion, lithium–polymer, etc.)
(+) high energy densities up to 200 Wh/kg (lithium)
(-) low cycleability (up to 4000 cycles)
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
sodium–sulphur,
Electricity storage systems
Lithium and Lithium-ion batteries (for 3 C technologies)
Item
Panasonic
(cylindrical)
Panasonic
(prismatic)
Nominal voltage
3.6 – 3.7 V
3.6 – 3.7 V
Nominal capacity
720 – 3100 mAh
920 – 1950 mAh
Mass
18 – 95 g
16 – 39 g
Item
Sony
(Li-Ion)
Sony
(Li-polymer)
Nominal voltage
2.5 – 4.2 V
3.0 – 4.2 V
Nominal capacity
1600 - 2550 mAh
830 – 1050 mAh
Mass
44 – 90 g
14.3 – 22.5 g
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Item
A123Systems
(cylindrical)
A123Systems
(prismatic)
Nominal voltage
3.3 V
3.3 V
Nominal capacity
1100 – 2300 mAh
20 Ah
Mass
39 – 70 g
-
Electricity storage systems
Lithium and Lithium-ion batteries in the future
Nowadays the challenge is to obtain material for high power and high
energy application able to be used in electric vehicles
http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/02/lithium-ion_battery_factory.php
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Electricity storage systems
Lithium-ion batteries (materials)
Specific capacity
[mAh/g]
Potential
[V]
LiCoO2
155
3.5 – 4.3
LiMn2O4
140
3.7 – 4.3
Li(Co,Ni)yMn2yO4
160
4.5 – 5.0
LiMnPO4
150
3.6 – 4.4
LiFePO4
170
3.0 – 3.3
LiNixCoyAlzO2
180
3.6 – 4.2
graphite
350
0.1 – 0.22
hard carbons
> 350
0.6
lithium
3800
0
Li4Ti5O12
155
1.5
Li4.4Si
4200
0.3
LiSiCN
550
0.1 – 0.4
cathode
anode
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Electricity storage systems
Chemical storage (Photovoltaic cells) - transform solar energy into electrical energy
Problem:
To store excess of the energy in one device!!!
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Electricity storage systems
Bifunctional TiO2 for energy storage
Materials: WO3, MoO3, phosphotungstic acid (PWA),
Mechanism of energy storage of TiO2/WO3 composite system
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Schematic Diagram of the Photoelectrolysis Cell for Hydrogen Generation
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
‘I believe that water will one day be used as a fuel
because the hydrogen and oxygen which constitute it,
used separately or together, will furnish an inexhaustible
source of heat and light. I therefore believe that, when
coal deposits are oxidised, we will heat ourselves by
means of water. Water is the coal of the future’
‘L’Ile Mysterieuse’, Jules Verne 1875,
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Vis
Mehcf
TiO2
Current collector
Combine photoanode system
UV
DEUV=0.15 V
DEVis=1.15 V
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
hv
DEUV-Vis=1.30 V
Electricity storage systems
Electrochemical capacitors – store energy in the form of an electric field
Electrochemical capacitors
electrochemical double layer
capacitors (EDLC)
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
pseudo–capacitors
electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLC)
- store energy using ion adsorption (no faradaic (redox) reaction)
- high specific surface area (SSA) electrodes (carbon)
100 – 120 F/g (nonaqueous electrolyte)
150 – 300 F/g (aqueous electrolyte)
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
pseudo–capacitors (store energy using fast surface redox reactions )
- redox reaction occurs at the surface of the active material (metal oxides (RuO2,
Fe3O4, MnO2), conducting polymers (polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene etc.)
Materials
Metal oxides:
Capacity 1300 F/g (RuO2)
Nominal voltage 1.2 V
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Conducting polymers:
Capacity 30 – 40 mAh/g
Nominal voltage 1.0 V
Electrochemical capacitor Battery
Charge time
70% charged in seconds
hours
Discharge time
short
long
Charge/discharge cycles 10000-1000000
500-1000
Pollutants
metals
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none
Supercapacitor
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Battery
Electricity storage systems
pseudo–capacitors
(hybrid systems consisted of organic and inorganic conducting materials, e.g.
poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) modified with transition metal hexacyanoferrate*
* ~ 90 F/cm3
Micro-nanoporous pEDOT**
100 F/cm3
* M. Wilamowska, A. Lisowska-Oleksiak, J. Power Sources, 194 (2009) 112-117
** Snook et al. Electrochem Commun., 9 (2007) 83-88
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Supercapacitors – alternative way for public transport
Prototype Shanghai super-capacitor electric bus at a recharging station
Costs ~ 8000 € (after 12 years one may save 160 000 €)
Speed (max) 45 km/h
Capacity 6 Wh/kg
Distance (max) 5-9 km
Charging time 5-10 min
http://www.citytransport.info/Electbus.htm
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Supercapacitors
for wind power station
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Supercapacitors
for solar power station
Production
Application
Supercapacitors
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Summary
3.6 s
Compresed air energy storage
1 hour
Pumped hydro storage
41 days
Batteries
Flow batteries
Supercapacitors
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Our laboratory members
Prof. A. Lisowska-Oleksiak
and the team
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |