Grade 10 Advanced
Unit 1
STRUCTURE AND
BONDING IN MATTER
Name: ------------------------------------- Class: -----------
1
Unit 1
By the end of the chapter, most students know the mass and
charge in atoms and ions up to element 56 .Show how the electronic
structure explains the patterns of elements in the periodic table and
manipulate quantities such as proton number and mass number. They
understand ionic, covalent and metallic bonding in terms of bond types.
They write balanced molecular and ionic equations for simple reactions.
They explain the macro-properties of the different states of matter in
terms of their micro-structure.
‫ يتوقع من معظم الطالب معرفةالكتلة و الشحنة في الذرات‬، ‫في نهاية هذا الفصل‬
‫ يبين الطالب كيف يمكن للتركيب االلكتروني أن يفسر‬، 56 ‫واأليونات حتى العنصر‬
.‫أنماط العناصر في الجدول الدوري و يعالج كميات مثل عدد البروتونات والعدد الكتلي‬
‫ الروابط المعدنية من حيث‬، ‫ التساهمية‬، ‫يجب على الطالب يفهموا الروابط األيونية‬
‫أن‬.‫ أن يكتب الطالب معادالت جزيئية و أيونية متوازنة لتفاعالت بسيطة‬.‫أنواع الترابط‬
.‫يشرح الطالب خصائص حاالت المادة المختلفة من خالل تراكيبها الصغيرة أو الجزيئية‬
2
Structure and properties
‫التركيب والخصائص‬
17.1 Describe the distribution of mass and charge within an atom and deduce the numbers
of protons, neutrons and electrons present in both atoms and ions, given proton and
nucleon numbers.
‫ يصف توزيع الكتلة والشحنة الكهربائية ضمن ذرة ويستنتج منها عدد البروتونات والنيترونات وااللكترونات الموجودة في‬17.1
.‫ عندما يُعطى عدد البروتونات والنيكليونات‬، ‫الذرات وفي األيونات‬
Objectives
Students will be able to:
1. Understand that atoms are made up of a
nucleus consisting of protons and neutrons
surrounded by electrons in specific orbital's or
shells.
2. Define and use the terms proton number,
Nucleon number.
3. Describe the distribution of mass and charge
within an atom and Deduce the numbers of
protons, neutrons and electrons present in both
atoms and ions, given proton and nucleon
numbers.
Key Vocabulary
Atom
Nucleus
Proton
Neutron
Electron
Orbital’s – Shells
Ions
Proton number
Nucleon number
Atoms are made up of three different subatomic particles:
protons (p), neutrons (n) and electrons (e).
The nucleus is at the centre of the atom, and contains the
protons and neutrons and the electrons in specific orbital's
around the nucleus.
Atomic Number “Proton Number” (Z): Number of protons.
Mass Number “Nucleon Number” (A): Number of protons +
Number of neutrons.
http://www.yo
utube.com/wa
tch?v=Gsf7jh
Wr6ng
http://www.yo
utube.com/wa
tch?v=EP9Et
P3gRZo&feat
ure=related
* New
Chemistry
for you :3034
3
Exercises
Q1- Write down the definition of following terms.
.‫اكتب تعريف المصطلحات التالية‬
a. The mass number “Nucleon Number” (A) of an atom.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
b. The atomic number “Proton Number”(Z) of an atom.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
c. Protons.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
d. Electrons.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
e. Neutrons.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.‫أكمل الجدول التالي‬
Q2- Complete the following table.
Atom
24
Mg
O
8
Atomic
number
Proton
Number (Z)
Mass
number
Nucleon
Number (A)
Number of
electrons
Number of
protons
Number of
neutrons
12
16
Q3- Explain why atom is electrically neutral?
‫لماذا تعتبر الذرة متعادلة كهربائيا ؟‬
Neutral
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‫متعادل‬
4
Electronic configuration
‫التوزيع اإللكتروني‬
17.2 Deduce the atomic structure of an atom or ion of any given element up to barium (56)
and show how the structures explain the pattern of elements in the periodic table.
‫ويبين كيف أن التركيب اإللكتروني‬،‫ وهوعنصرالباريوم‬،56 ‫ يستدل على التركيب الذري لذرةأوأيون عنصرماحتى العنصر‬17.2
.‫يفسرأنماط العناصرفي الجدول الدوري‬
Objectives :
Key vocabulary:
1. Deduce the atomic structure of an atom or
ion of any given element up to barium (56)
and show how the structures.
Atomic structure
Elements
Periodic table.
Electron configuration
2. Explain the pattern of elements in
the
periodic table.
Electron configuration shows the number of electrons in each
Orbital.
Number of electrons in the outer shell gives the number of Group.
‫عدد اإللكترونات في المدار الخارجي لذرة العنصر يدل على رقم المجموعة‬
Number of shells give the number of period in the periodic table.
‫عدد المدارات فى الذرة يدل على رفم الدورة في الجدول الدوري‬
http://www.yout
ube.com/watch
?v=EP9EtP3gR
Zo
http://www.mike
blaber.org/oldwi
ne/chm1045/no
tes/Struct/ECon
fig/IMG00006.G
IF
The table below explains shells and number of electrons.
Shell
First
Second
Third
Example 1: 1224Mg
Group: ( 2 )
Period:( 3 )
Electrons number
2
8
8
* New
Chemistry for
you :32 and 60
Example 2 :
8
16O
Group: (
Period: (
)
)
5
Exercises
Q1: Draw the electronic configuration of the following atoms and determine period
and group number.
:‫ارسم التوزيع االلكتروني للعناصر في الجدول وحدد رقم المجموعة و الدورة‬
Element
Electronic Configuration
Period Number
Group Number
5B
13Al
9
F
19K
2He
6
Ions
‫األيونات‬
In an atom the number of Protons = the number of electrons, So The
atom is electrically neutral
In an ion: The number of positively charged protons ≠ number of
negatively charged electrons.
Each atom try to attains the stable electronic configuration as a noble gases
An ion is electrically charged atom
Look at the diagrams below which present ions formation states
http://www.
youtube.co
m/watch?v
=dHZlMbB
Z0UA
* New
Chemistry
for you 85
Gain
electrons
Lose
electrons
Atom
‫ذرة‬
Ion ‫أيون‬
7
Writing activity
http://www.you
tube.com/watc
h?v=QqjcCvz
Wwww&featur
e=PlayList&p=
C9D5927352B
A3C33&playne
xt_from=PL&pl
aynext=1&inde
x=4
http://www.you
tube.com/watc
h?v=xTx_DWb
oEVs&feature
=related
Use the above diagram to write a short story between sodium and chlorine.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8
Exercises
Q1- Calculate the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in
the following:
9
Relative isotopic mass, relative atomic mass.
‫ الكتلة الذرية النسبية‬, ‫الكتلة النظائرية النسبية‬
17.3 Define the terms relative isotopic mass, relative atomic mass, relative molecular
mass and relative formula mass based on the carbon-12 scale and be able to calculate
the relative molecular mass of a compound, given its formula and a relative atomic mass
table.
‫ والكتلة النسبية للجزئ بناء على مقياس‬،“‫ ”الكتلة الذرية النسبية‬، “‫ يعرف مصطلحات مثل ” الكتلة النظائرية النسبية‬17.3
‫ عندما يكون علم بصيغته ولدية جدول للكتل الذرية النسبية‬،‫ويتمكن من حساب الكتلة الجزيئية النسبية لمركب ما‬.12- ‫الكربون‬
Objectives
1. Define the terms relative isotopic mass,
relative atomic mass.
2. Define relative molecular mass and relative
formula mass based on the carbon-12 scale.
3. Calculate the relative molecular mass of a
compound, given its formula and a relative
atomic mass table.
Key vocabulary:
-Relative isotopic mass
-Relative atomic mass.
-Relative molecular mass
Relative formula Mass and relative molecular mass
The relative formula mass of a substance (or molecular mass Mr )
Is the sum of the relative atomic masses of the atoms present in a
formula unit or molecule.
Relative molecular mass
Relative molecular mass
Relative formula mass
http://ww
w.onlinem
athlearnin
g.com/mo
lecularmass.html
http://ww
w.absorbl
earning.c
om/chemi
stry/demo
/units/LR3
04.html#C
alculatingr
elativeato
micmasse
s
Hint;
The relative formula mass or molecular mass given as Mr
* New
Chemistr
y for you
36-37
10
Exercises
Q1: What is the meaning of the term relative formula mass (R.F.M)?
Q2- Use the following table to calculate the relative formula mass
(R.F.M) or molecular mass for each of the following:
Name
Symbol
Atomic Number
R.A.M
Aluminum
Al
13
27
Chlorine
Cl
17
35.5
Nitrogen
N
7
14
Oxygen
Sodium
O
Na
8
11
16
23
a) Nitrogen dioxide NO2
b) Sodium chloride NaCl
c) Aluminum Oxide Al2O3
11
Spectrometry and isotopes
‫قياس الطيف والنظائر‬
17.4 Know that mass spectrometry can furnish information on relative isotopic masses and
isotopic abundance.
‫يعرف أن تحليل الطيف الكتلي يمكن أن يوفرمعلومات عن الكتل النظائرية النسبية والكثرةالنسبيةللنظائر‬17.4
17.5 Know that isotopes can be distinguished by their different numbers of neutrons and
explain why the relative atomic mass of many elements is not a whole number.
‫ يعرف أنه باإلمكان تمييزالنظائرمن خالل األعداد المختلفة للنيترونات الموجودة فيهاويشرح لماذا الكتلة الذرية النسبية للعديد‬17.5
.‫من العناصرغيرمكونة من أعداد صحيحة‬
Objectives:
1. Describe the mass spectrometer.
2. Explain how mass spectrometry can give
information about masses and abundance of
isotopes.
3. Relate the difference in isotopes to the
different numbers of neutrons.
4. Explain why the relative atomic mass of many
elements is not a whole number.
Key Vocabulary
Mass
Spectrometer
Isotopic
Abundance
‫لقد طور جهاز لدراسة كتل األجسام موجبة الشحنة (األيونات) يعرف بمطياف الكتلة ويمثل الشكل مخططا لواحد من هذه‬
.‫األجهزة وأهميته في فصل األيونات حسب كتلتها و الكثرة النسبية للنظائر‬
A- ‫تبخير العينة‬
B- ‫غرفة التأين‬
C- ‫تسريع األيونات‬
D- ‫المجال المغناطيسي‬
E- ‫(المراقبة‬monitor)
F- ‫إلى مضخة التفريغ‬
The mass spectrometer: is a device that separate
particles based on their mass. The samples must move
through the following steps
1-vaporization- heat the substance to turn it into gas
2- Ionization – to form positive ions.
3- Acceleration – to move the ions fast by an electric
field.
4- Deflection - by magnetic field where ions are
separated according to their mass.
5-detection-where a monitor displays graph of different
ions according to their mass and abundance audio visual
resource.
http://www2.c
hemistry.msu.
edu/faculty/re
usch/VirtTxtJ
ml/Spectrpy/
MassSpec/ma
sspec1.htm
* New
Chemistry for
you: 364-6
Let students watch a
short animation / video
clip to help them to
appreciate how a mass
spectrometer works.
12
Isotopes
‫النظائر‬
http://www.c
olorado.edu/
physics/200
0/isotopes/in
dex.html
* New
Chemistry
for you:35
Isotopes are atoms differ in mass because they differ in the number of neutrons.
The relative atomic mass of many elements is not a whole number because of the
presence of isotopes. The average relative atomic mass is the weighted average for all
isotopes of a given element based upon their relative percent abundance.
.‫النظائر هي ذرات تختلف في الكتلة الذرية ألنها تختلف بعدد النيترونات‬
‫الكتلة الذرية النسبية لعدد من العناصر ليست العدد الحقيقي بسبب وجود نظائر لتلك العناصر و معدل الكتلة الذرية النسبية هو‬
.‫الوزن النسبي لجميع النظائر المكونة بناء على النسبة المئوية لتواجدها‬
Example
Chlorine exist as two naturally occurring isotopes Cl-35 and Cl-37 . if the Cl-35
has an abundance of 75.76% and Cl-37 has abundance of 24.24% ,determine
the relative atomic mass of chlorine.
Solution: Ar =
= 35.48
13
‫‪Exercises‬‬
‫‪ .1‬وجد بواسطة مطياف الكتلة أن لعنصر ثالثة نظائر كتلها الذرية ونسبها في عينة من العنصر كما يلي‪:‬‬
‫الكتلة الذرية النسبية‬
‫‪27.977‬‬
‫‪28.971‬‬
‫‪29.974‬‬
‫النسبة المئوية‬
‫‪%92.21‬‬
‫‪%4.70‬‬
‫‪%3.09‬‬
‫احسب الكتلة الذرية للعنصر‪ .‬وما اسم العنصر؟‬
‫‪14‬‬
Bonding
‫الروابط‬
17.6 describe ionic and covalent bonding.
.‫يصف الرابطةاأليونية) ارتباط التكافؤالكهربائي (والرابطةالتساهمية‬17.6
Objectives:
1. Relate types of bonding between atoms to its
electron configuration.
2- Show the role of valence electrons in determining
the type of bonds between atoms.
3- Represent ionic and covalent bonds using Lewis
structures
Key Vocabulary
Electron configuration
Valence electrons
Ionic bonds
Covalent bonds
Lewis structures
chemical bond ) ‫( الرابطة الكيميائية‬
is a force of attraction between the atoms which holds them
together.
The atoms combine with one another to reach a noble gas
electronic configuration and become stable and this is why
atoms banded together.
http://www.youtu
be.com/watch?v
=QqjcCvzWwww
Octet rule ( ‫) قاعدة الثمانية‬
When atoms combine to form a chemical bond, they gain, lose
or share electrons in such a way that each atom gets noble gas
configuration or 8 electrons in its outer most shell (or 2 electrons
in the outer most K shell.)
http://www.youtu
be.com/watch?v
=yjge1WdCFPs
http://www.youtu
be.com/watch?v
=WXyFMJ0eJA0
&feature=related
Lewis electron dot structure ( ‫) تركيب لويس‬
shows the symbols of elements along with their valence
electrons as dots around them.
Valence (outer most) electrons are usually the only electrons used in chemical
bonds. So, only valence electrons are shown in electron dot structure. As you are
familiar that all of the group 1 elements have 1 valence electron so they are
shown with 1 dot. Group 2 elements have 2 dots; group 3 elements have 3 dots
and so on.
Li •
• Be •
•
•
•
•
..
..
•B•
•C•
:N•
:O•
:F•
: Ne :
•
•
..
..
..
15
IONIC BOND
‫الرابطة األيونية‬
An ionic bond is formed when a metal atom gives its valence electrons to a non
metal atom. By losing electrons, the metal forms a positively charged ion (cation).
The non- metal atom gains electrons and forms negatively charged ion
(anion).The positively and negatively charged ions attract one another. The
strong force of attraction between the oppositely charged ions is called
ionic bond.
‫تتكون الرابطة األيونية عندما تفقد ذرة الفلز إلكتروناتها الخارجية وتعطيها لذرة الالفلز وتتكون على ذرة الفلز شحنة‬
‫موجبة)كاتبون ( وعلى ذرة الالفلز شحنة سالبة)أنيون(ويحدث التجاذب الكهربي بين األيونات الموجبة والسالبة و هذا‬
.‫التجاذب الكهربي القوي بين األيونات يسمى بالرابطة األيونية‬
Example of ionic bond formation between Na and Cl
.
..
Na + . Cl :
Na+ + :C :l-
2,8,1
2,8
2,8,7
Examples of ionic bond formation in CaF2 and K2 S
2,8,8
http://www.yo
utube.com/wa
tch?v=CGA8s
RwqIFg&NR=
1&feature=fv
wp
http://www.yout
ube.com/watch
?v=xTx_DWbo
EVs&feature=r
elated
* New
Chemistry for
you: 248-250
16
Exercises
Q1: Try for ionic bond formation in the following elements:
1. Al and Br
2. Mg and N
3. Mg and O
17
Covalent bonding
‫الرابطة التساهمية‬
The chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms of
non-metals is known as a covalent bond. The sharing of electrons takes
place in such a way that each atom in the resulting molecule gets the
stable noble gas electronic configuration. The electron pair which is
shared makes a covalent bond. Covalent bonds are of three typessingle, double and triple covalent bonds.
‫الرابطة التي تتكون نتيجة لمشاركة ذرات اللالفلزات في الكتروناتها الخارجية تعرف‬
‫ ثنائية وثالثية‬,‫ تنقسم الرابطة التساهمية الى ثالث أنواع أحادية‬.‫بالرابطة التساهمية‬
a) Single covalent bond
) ‫( الرابطة التساهمية اآلحادية‬
A single covalent bond is formed by the sharing of one pair
of electrons between two atoms:
1)
formation of hydrogen molecule
2) Formation of Fluorine molecule
http://www.yksd.c
om/distanceedcou
rses/Courses09/P
hysicalScience/Le
ssons/SecondQua
rter/Chapter05/0502/30CovalentBo
nds.gif
http://ibchem.com/
IB/ibfiles/bonding/
bon_img/cov3.gif
3) Formation of Hydrogen bromide molecule
*New Chemistry
for you: 256-257
18
b) Double covalent bond
) ‫( الرابطة التساهمية الثنائية‬
A double covalent bond is formed by sharing 2 pairs or 4 electrons
between the two atoms
Formation of oxygen molecule
c) Triple covalent bond
) ‫( الرابطة التساهمية الثالثية‬
A triple covalent is formed by sharing 3 pairs or 6 electrons
between the two atoms
Formation of nitrogen molecule
Activity
:‫استعمل أشكال لويس) رسومات من نقاط وخطوط ( لبيان الترابط في عددمن المركبات المختلفة‬
‫الرابطةاأليونية في فلوريدالصوديوم وفي أكسيدالمغنيسيوم – والرابطة التساهمية في األمونيا‬: ‫مثالا‬
.‫وفي الميثان‬
.‫صمّم وحضّرعرضا ا باستخدام إلكترونات تكافؤلبيان الترابط‬
.‫بإمكانك استخدم المراجع التالية لدرس الروابط الكيميائية‬
Resources used in the section of chemical bonding
1) New chemistry for You ( LawrieRyan ) page 35-36 and page 248-262
2) http://www.youtube.com?v=yMQrDAqvqhs&NR=1
3)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_bond#Overview_of_main_types_of_chemical_bonds
4) http://chemactive.com/flash_spring/ib/atomic_structure_ppt_2009.swf
19
Metallic bonding
‫الرابطة الفلزية‬
17.7 Explain metallic bonding in terms of a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a sea of
mobile electrons and explain the physical properties of metals and alloys in terms of this
bonding.
‫ ويفسرالخصائص الفيزيائية‬،‫ يفسر الرابطة الفلزية بداللة شبكة من األيونات الموجبة المحاطة بسحابة من اإللكترونات المتحركة‬17.7
‫للفلزات والسبائك بداللة هذا األرتباط‬
Objectives:
1. Explain metallic bonding.
2. Explain the physical properties of alloys.
3. Write an example of alloy.
Key vocabulary:
metallic bonding
drift
Delocalized
Alloy
Each of magnesium atom gives up its electrons from its outer shell into the
“sea” Or “ cloud” of electrons. The electrons can drift about in the metal.
We call them ‘delocalized ’ electrons.
delocalized means "not fixed in one place" or "free to move".
‫كل ذرة من المغنيسيوم تفقد الكترونات من غالفها الخارجي وتتحول الى بحر أو‬
.‫ نسميها الكترونات غير متمركزة‬. ‫"سحابة" من االلكترونات حول الذرة‬
‫الكترونات غير متمركزة تعني "ليست ثابتة في مكان واحد" أو ” لها حرية التحرك‬
http://www.au
setute.com.au
/metallic.html
http://www.au
setute.com.au
/metallic.html.
*New
Chemistry for
you: 268
20
Exercises
Q1: Mention the properties of metals:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Q2: Why metals are good conductors of electricity?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….………….…
Q3- Compare between ionic and metallic bonding:
21
Alloy
‫السبائك‬
An alloy is a mixture of metals.
‫ خليط من المعادن‬:‫السبائك‬
Pure iron metal
Carbon add in to pure iron metal
( Alloy )
Aeroplanes are made from
aluminium alloys
Q1: Write three examples of alloys:
a) ………………
b) ……………..
c) ……………..
Q2: State why alloys are widely used in industry:
……………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………..
http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Metal
http://www.lcc.ukf.net/
chem/metaluses.htm
http://www.creativechemistry.org.uk/gcse
/documents/Module5/
N-m05-14.pdf
*New Chemistry for
you: 270- 272
22
Giant Covalent Molecules
‫الجزيئات العمالقة‬
17.8 Know that some covalent compounds, such as the element carbon and the compound
silicon(IV) oxide, form giant molecular structures.
.‫( تكون تراكيب جزيئية ضخمة‬IV) ‫ يعرف أن بعض المركبات التساهمية الترابط مثل عنصر الكربون ومركب أكسيد السيليكون‬17.8
Objectives:
Key vocabulary:
1. Identify the giant covalent molecular.
- giant covalent compounds
Q1:The following figures represents giant molecular structure
a) write the name of each structure using the word in below box
Diamond , Graphite , Fullerene , Silica
a
b
………………………
……................…….
http://www.
chemguide.
co.uk/atom
s/structures
/giantcov.ht
ml
*New
Chemistry
for you:
258
c
………………………
d
……................…….
b) Answer the questions below:
1) Which giant molecule is formed from two elements?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2) Mention these two elements ?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3) Which giant molecules are made of one element only?
………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………
4) Mention that element?
………………………………………………………………………………………………. 23
Allotropy
‫التآصل‬
17.9 Show an understanding of allotropy.
.(‫يفهم معنى التآصل )اختالف الشكل وتماثل الترآيب الكيميائي‬17.9
Objectives:
Key vocabulary:
1. Define allotropy
Allotropy
2. Explain the physical properties of some
allotropy
Allotropes: are different forms of the same element ( in the same state).
(‫ أشكال مختلفة لنفس العنصر ) في نفس الحالة‬:‫التآصل‬
Q1- The following figures represents allotropes of carbon , write the
name of each structure:
http://www.
ausetute.co
m.au/allotro
py.html
………………….
http://en.wi
kipedia.org/
wiki/Allotro
py
…..……………
Q2- Fill in the table below with the Physical properties of diamond
and graphite, using New chemistry for you 258-259
Point of comparison
Diamond
Graphite
Hardness
Type of bonding
Melting point
Electric conductivity
24
Properties Covalent and ionic compounds
‫خصائص المركبات التساهمية واأليونية‬
17.10 Explain the differing physical properties of covalent and ionic compounds in terms of their bonding and
be able to deduce the type of bond from information about physical properties.
‫ يشرح الخصائص الفيزيائية المختلفة لمركبات تساهمية وأيونية بداللة روابطها ويستطيع االستدالل علىنوع االرتباط من المعلومات حول الخصائص‬17.10
‫الفيزيائية لهذه المركبات‬
Objectives:
Key vocabulary:
metals
non-metals
Ionic
Covalent
Metallic
1.Explain the differing physical properties of
covalent and ionic compounds.
2. Deduce the type of bond from information about
physical properties.
The bonding and structure of a substance explain its properties; the table
below summarizes this relation so that you can compare the different types of
structure and bonding:
Bonding
Ionic
(Between metals and
non-metals)
Structure
Giant ionic
Giant covalent
Simple
molecular
Giant metallic
Melting point
high
high
low
high
No/except
graphite
no
Yes
(has free
electrons)
Diamond
Water
Zinc
Conduct
electricity
Not when solid, but
they do when molten
or dissolved in
water.
(when ions are free)
Sodium chloride
Covalent
(between non-metals)
Metallic
(between
metals)
Example
25
Exercises
Q1: Study the table below then answer the following questions:
The properties of substances A, B, C, D, E and F are given below.
a)
Substance
Melting point 0C
Boiling point 0C
Electrical
conductivity
when its solid
A
B
C
D
E
F
651
790
5
803
-138
3500
1100
1250
80
1430
0
?
Good
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
Electrical
conductivity
when its liquid
or molten
Good
Good
Poor
Good
Poor
Poor
Which substances have a giant ionic structure? ....................
b) Which substances have a simple molecular structure? ....................
c) Which substances have a metallic structure? ....................
d) Which substances have a giant molecular structure? ....................
e) Which substances are liquids at room temperature (25oC)? ....................
f) Which substances are gases at room temperature (25oC)? ....................
g) Which two substances are most likely to dissolve in an organic solvent? ................
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/bond2.html
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/compounds/ionicvscovalent.shtml
26
Ionic compounds
‫المركبات األيونية‬
17.11 Explain why molten ionic compounds and solutions of ionic compounds conduct electricity.
.‫يشرح لماذاالمركبات األيونية المنصهرة ومحاليل المركبات األيونية توصل الكهرباء‬17.11
Objectives :
Key vocabulary:
1. Molten ionic compounds conduct electricity.
-Molten ionic compounds
2. Solutions of ionic compounds conduct
electricity.
3. Solid ionic compounds can’t conduct
electricity.
Ionic compounds made up of ions (charged particles) .Solid sodium
chloride contain fixed ions can’t move to the electrodes. So, it can’t
conduct electricity.
However, when they are melted or dissolved in water, the ions become
free to move around. So, it can conduct electricity.
Writing activity
Write another paragraph for sodium chloride
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
27
Lab activity
1. Set up the circuit as shown
2. Dip the electrodes into some solid sodium chloride.
- Did the solid conduct the current?
……………………………………..
3. Now half-fill the beaker with water, and stir.
- Does the blub light up now?
……………………………………..
- Does the solution conduct electricity?
………………………………………
4. Switch off your power pack as soon as the test is completed.
Q1) Why do the solutions of ionic compound conduct electricity?
http://www.c
hem.iastate.
edu/group/G
reenbowe/se
ctions/projec
tfolder/flashfi
les/electroC
hem/conduct
ivity.html
Q2) Explain: molten potassium bromide conduct electricity?
* New
Chemistry
for you: 252
28
Writing chemical equations
‫كتابة المعادالت الكيميائية‬
17.12 Write equations with state symbols for simple reactions, including ionic equations for reactions in
aqueous solution, given the formulae of reactants and products.
‫بما فيها معادالت أيونية‬، ‫يكتب معادالت تحتوي على الرموزالتي تدل على حالة المادة لتفاعالت بسيطة‬17.12
.‫عندما يعرف ص َيغ المواد المتفاعلة ونواتجها‬، ‫لتفاعالت تحصل في محلول مائي‬
Objectives :
Key vocabulary:
Write equations with state symbols for simple
reactions
- symbols
- reactions
- ionic equations
- aqueous solution
-Reactants
- products
What is a chemical equation?‫ماهي المعادلة الكيميائية ؟‬
When a chemical reaction occurs, it can be described by an equation. This shows
the chemicals that react (called the reactants) on the left-hand side, and the
chemicals that they produce (called the products) on the right-hand side .Unlike
mathematical equations, the two sides are separated by an arrow, that indicates
that the reactants form the products and not the other way round.
How to write the chemical equations? ‫كيف تكتب المعادلة الكيميائية‬
‫المعادلة قد تكون لفظية أو رمزية ولكتابة المعادلة الرمزية يجب التقيد بالشروط الالزمة لكتابة الرمز الكيميائي‬
‫ اما المركبات فتكتب بصيغها الكيميائية‬.H2 , N2, O2 ‫ العناصر الغازية تكتب في شكل جزيئات ثنائية‬, ‫للمادة‬
‫ بعد ذلك تتم‬. Mg, Na, C ‫ العناصر الصلبة مثل الفلزات والكربون تكتب ذراتها المفردة‬.MgO, NaCl
.‫موازنة المعادلة بحيث تكون عدد الذرات المتفاعلة تساوي عدد الذرات الناتجة‬
Chemicals can be represented by their names or by their chemical symbols. Symbols of
element gases are diatomic like H2 , N2, O2 . Solid elements can be represented by simples
like Mg, Na, C, Al. Compounds are represented by their chemical formula like MgO, NaCl.
For metals with different oxidation states ,add Roman number when represented by
their names e.g Copper(II) oxide (CuO)There are reversible reactions, which
means that the reactants react together to form the products, but as soon as the
products are formed, they start to react together to reform the reactants! Reversible
reactions are indicated with a double arrow as shown in the example below:
29
‫لتكون المعادلة أكثر وضوحا تكتب رموز صغيرة تعبر عن حاالت المادة‬
To make a chemical equation complete, the state of matter of each
substance should also be included. This indicates whether the substance is:
(s)
(l)
(g)
(aq)
solid
liquid
gas
aqueous (dissolved in
water)
* In this example, solid magnesium ribbon burns in oxygen gas to form solid
magnesium oxide:
2 Mg (s) + O2 (g) -- 2 MgO (s)
Student activity (1):
Use your periodic table and table of poly atomic ions to write the
chemical formulas for the following compounds.
Show the following steps;
Step one - Write the symbols for the elements or the polyatomic
ions in the compound.
Step two - Look up the valence numbers of the elements or the
polyatomic ions involved and write them as superscripts to the right
of the elemental symbols.
http://www.yout
ube.com/watch
?v=YDJFfZ5Wq
ZQ&feature=Pl
ayList&p=C983
2A956597F2C3
&playnext=1&pl
aynext_from=P
L&index=65
*New
Chemistry for
you: 26-28
Step three - Use the correct combination of ions (and the
polyatomic ions) to produce a compound with a net charge of zero.
Multiple ions are indicated with subscripts.
Teacher will be provide periodic table to students with a table of polyatomic ions
30
Exercises
Q1) Write the correct chemical formulas for the following:
1.
Lithium oxide
2. Potassium chloride
3. Calcium oxide
4. Barium bromide
5.Lead(IV) carbonate
6. Copper(II) nitrate
7. Iron(III) oxide
8. Tin(IV) fluoride
9.lead(II) carbonate
10. copper(I) sulfate
.‫الفلزات متعددة حاالت التأكسد يكتب رقم التأكسد باألرقام االتينيه‬
:‫مثال‬
Iron(II) oxide
FeO
Iron(III) oxide
Fe2 O3
31
Q2) Write full balanced equations, including state symbols, for the
following reactions:
a) Hydrogen reacting with nitrogen to produce ammonia gas.
b) Silver nitrate solution reacting with hydrochloric acid to give sliver chloride
and nitric acid
c) The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide give water and oxygen
d) The reaction of carbon monoxide with iron(III) oxide to give iron and carbon
dioxide. This reaction occurs at high temperatures in the blast furnace.
Homework
Write word and formula equations for the chemical reaction that occur when
aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide is added to hydrochloric acid to give
sodium chloride and water.
32
Kinetic particle theory
17.13 Use the kinetic particle theory to explain the main characteristics of the three states of matter and
changes between the states:
•the basic assumptions of the kinetic theory as applied to an ideal gas;
•the liquid state, including melting, vaporisation and vapour pressure;
•the lattice structure of a crystalline solid.
:‫وعلى األخص‬،‫يستخدم نظرية الحركة الجزيئية لتفسيرالخصائص الرئيسية لحاالت المادة الثالث والتغ ّيرات فيما بينها‬17.13
‫•االفتراضات األساسية لنظرية الحركة الجزيئية فيتطبيقها على غازمثالي؛‬
:‫•الحالةالسائلة بما فيها االنصهار والتبخروالضغطالبخاري‬
.‫•التركيب الشبكي لمادة بلورية صلبة‬
Objectives :
Key vocabulary:
1. Know the basic assumptions of the kinetic
theory as applied to an ideal gas.
2. Use the kinetic particle theory to explain the
main characteristics of the three states of matter
and changes between the states.
- kinetic particle theory
-ideal gas
-lattice structure
-crystalline solid
-vaporisation
a) Basic assumptions of the kinetic theory:
1. A gas has no fixed shape or volume, but always spreads out to fill any
container.
2. There are almost no forces of attraction between the particles so they are
completely free of each other.
3. The particles are widely spaced and scattered at random throughout the
container so there is no order in the system.
4. The particles move rapidly in all directions, frequently colliding with each
other and the side of the container.
5. With increase in temperature, the particles move faster as they gain
kinetic energy.
33
Using the particle model to explain the properties of a Gas
Gases have a very low density (‘light’) because the particles are so spaced
out in the container (density = mass / volume).
Density order: solid > liquid >>> gases
Gases flow freely because there are no effective forces of attraction between
the gaseous particles - molecules.
Ease of flow order: gases > liquids >>> solids (no real flow in solid unless
you powder it!)Because of this gases and liquids are described as fluids.
Gases have no surface, and no fixed shape or volume, and because of lack
of particle attraction, they always spread out and fill any container (so gas
volume = container volume).
Gases are readily compressed because of the ‘empty’ space between the
particles.
Ease of compression order: gases >>> liquids > solids (almost impossible
to compress a solid)
Gas pressure
When a gas is confined in a container the particles will cause and exert a gas
pressure which is measured in atmospheres (atm) or Pascals (Pa = N/m2) pressure is force/area on which force is exerted.
The gas pressure is caused by the force created by millions of impacts of
the tiny individual gas particles on the sides of a container.
For example - if the number of gaseous particles in a container is doubled,
the gas pressure is doubled because doubling the number of molecules
doubles the number of impacts on the side of the container so the total impact
force per unit area is also doubled.
This doubling of the particle impacts doubling the pressure is pictured in the two
diagrams below.
http://ww
w.docbrow
n.info/pag
e03/3_52s
tates.htm
http://ww
w.docbro
wn.info/pa
ge03/3_5
2states.ht
m
2x
particles
===>
Px2
34
Exercises
Q1) Draw simple diagrams to show the three states of matter?
Solid particles
Liquid particles
Gas particles
Q2) Use assumptions of the kinetic theory and the shapes of the three states
of matter to complete the following table:
Property
Order of particles
‫ترتيب الجسيمات‬
Kinetic energy
‫الطاقة الحركية‬
Intermolecular forces
‫قوة التجاذب بين الجزيئات‬
Shape
‫الشكل‬
Spacing of particles
‫المسافة بين الجسيمات‬
Compressibility
‫القدرة على الضغظ‬
Conduction of heat
‫توصيل الحرارة‬
Solids
Liquids
Gases
Q3) Which of the three states of matter:
a. Have the most ordered molecules-------------b. Take the shape of the container.--------------c. Have very weak forces between its molecules--------------.
d. Have fixed shape.-------------e. Have the higher kinetic energy molecules.-------------f. Have higher compressibility.-----------------------35