Biodegradation of Phenol :
A Comparative Study With and Without
Applying Magnetic Fields
Jongtai Jung
(Professor/Ph. D)
Major of Environmental Engineering
Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering
University of Incheon
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Wastewater
• Every community produces both liquid and solid wastes
• The Liquid portion –wastewater –
is essentially the water supply of the community
after it has been fouled by a variety of uses
• From the stand point of sources of generation,
wastewater is defined as a combination of the liquid or
water-carried wastes removed from residences, institution,
and commercial and industrial establishment,
together with such groundwater, surface water, and storm
water as may be present
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Treatment
Descriptions
Preliminary
Removal of wastewater constituents such as rags,
stick, floatables, grit, and grease that may cause
maintenance or operational problems
with the treatment operations, processes,
and ancillary systems
Primary
Removal of a portion of the suspended solids
and organic matter from the wastewater
Advanced
Primary
Enhanced removal of suspended solids
and organic matter from the wastewater.
Typically accomplished by chemical addition or
Filtration
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Treatment
Descriptions
Secondary
Removal of biodegradable organic matter
(in solution or suspension) and suspended solids.
Disinfection is also typically included in the definition
of conventional secondary treatment
Secondary
with nutrient
Removal
Removal of biodegradable organics, suspended solids
And nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, or both nitrogen
and phosphorus)
Tertiary
Removal of residual suspended solids
(after secondary treatment), usually by granular
medium filtration or microscreen. Disinfection is also
typically a part of tertiary treatment,
Nutrient removal is often included in this definition
Advanced
Removal of dissolved and suspended materials
remaining after normal biological treatment
when required for various water reuse applications
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Wastewater Treatment Methods(1)
1) Physical Treatment Method
- Screening, Comminution, Aeration, Mixing, Flocculation,
- Sedimentation, Filtration, Adsorption, Gas Stripping,
- Membrane Processes, etc
2) Chemical Treatment method
- Disinfection, Precipitation, Coagulation,
- Chemical oxidation, Ion exchange, etc
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Wastewater Treatment
Methods(2)
3) Biological treatment Method
- Conventional Activated Sludge Processes,
- Trickling Filter Processes
- Rotating Biological Contactor Processes
- Oxidation Pond Process
- Anaerobic Biological Treatment,
- A/O (Advanced Oxidation) Process
a) Phostrip Process
b) Bardenpho Process
** Nitrogen and Phosphate removal process
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Biological Treatment Process
1) Purpose
- To convert the colloidal and dissolved
carbonaceous organic matter into various
gases and into cell tissue.
2) Advantages
- Less operation cost
- Byproduct (CH4 etc)
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Biological treatment Process
1. Depends on supplying oxygen
– Aerobic process : presence of oxygen
– Facultative process : indifferent to the presence of DO
– Anaerobic process : absence of oxygen
– A combination of the aerobic/anoxic or anaerobic
process
2. Microorganisms
1) Suspended-growth processes
2) Immobilized-growth process
- Attached microorganism
- Entrapped microorganism
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Immobilization Techniques and Advantages
1) Techniques
– Entrapment in a gel, polymer matrix
(like alginate, carageenan and polyurethane)
– Attachment on the surface of inert supports
(like diatomaceous earth, glass bead, and polymeric membranes)
2) Advantages
- No wash out
- Reuse of biomass
- Operation flexibility
(Possible to choose the different operating mode for reactors)
- Protected from high concentrations of toxic compounds
which are inhibitory
- A desirable change in biological activity of the biomass
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
The objective of this work
To study the effect of magnetic fields
on the rate of phenol biodegradation
using immobilized activated sludge
with a recirculation flow bioreactor.
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Schematic Diagram
Fig.1 Batch recirculation flow biomagnetic reactor with
immobilized microorganism
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Experimental Setup(1)
1) Recirculation flow-type bioreactor,
- Reactor size : 6.4 cm in diameter
20 cm in length..
2) Reservoir
- Reservoir size : 11.4 cm in diameter
25.4 cm in length
3) Total reaction volume
- 2 liters including the reservoir.
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Experimental Set-up(2)
1) Culture medium
- 100 ppm MgCl2,
- 0.5 ppm FeCl3
- 10 ppm MgSO4,
- 10 ppm K2PO4
2) Air flow rate : 1.5 liter/min.
3) Recirculation flow rate : 325ml/min.
4) Magnets size
- Rectangular block ,
- Dimension 5x15x1 cm.
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Experiments set-up and Run(3)
• Chosen Substrate : Phenol
• Operating period : 1200 hr
• Magnet strength : 0.49 Tesla
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Microorganism
• Activated sludge(Mixed microbial population)
from Waste water treatment plant
• 100 g alginate-immobilized activated sludge
• How to immobilize
- Distilled water
- Concentrated sludge(50 mg dry biomass/ g of pallet)
- 0.5% sodium chloride
- 1% sodium alginate
- 0.1 mol/liter CaCl2
- Distilled water and Conc. Pellets in a ratio 5:2 mixed
with NaCl and Sodium Alginate in a blender
- The homogeneous cell suspension was then extruded
using a syringe pump into CaCl2 solution to obtain the
immobilized bacterial beads
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Experiments to be performed
1) Control experiment without applying magnetic field,
2) Experiments with magnetic south pole
applied to the reactor,
3) Experiments with magnetic north pole
applied to the reactor,
4) Experiments with alternating magnetic north
and south poles.
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Parameters to be monitored
1) Rate of oxygen consumption
(nmol/min∙ml)
2) Secreted protein concentration (㎍/ml)
3) Rate of phenol biodegradation(ppm/hr)
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Analytical Methods
1) Oxygen consumption :
- Clark-type dissolved oxygen probe
- Chart recorder
2) Phenol Concentration :
- Varian 3300 Gas Chromatograph,
- Detector : FID
3) Protein concentration :
- Standard Lowry test(color response measurement)
- Bovine serum albumin (Sigma Chemicals)
as a protein standard
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Results and Discussions(1)
- Results obtained from the above studies under the
influence of north pole, south pole and during the
control experiments are given in Table 1.
- It can be seen that the highest average rate of phenol
biodegradation and oxygen consumption occurred
when the south pole was attached to the bioreactor.
- When the magnetic south pole was applied,
the biological oxidation activity (measured as
dissolved oxygen consumption rate) increased by a
factor of two as compared to the control experiment
without magnetic field (0.615 to 1.546 nmol/min/ml).
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Table 1. Effect of Magnetic North and South Pole Field on Phenol
Biodegradation in Batch Recirculation Bioreactor
Control
South pole
North pole
Rate of O2 consumption
0.615 ± 0.053
1.546 ± 0.165
0.365 ± 0.045
[nmol/min∙ml]
(±7.5%)
(±11%)
(±13%)
Secreted protein concentration
170.5 ± 0.7
2357 ± 46.2
ND
[㎍/ml ]
(1%)
(±2.5%)
Rate of phenol biodegradation
3.113 ± 0.02
4.437 ± 0.253
0.476 ± 0.043
[ppm/hr ]
(±1%)
(±5%)
(±10%)
1) Value given represent mean±standard deviation of the mean.
2) The intervals of confidence are indicated in brackets.
3) The interval of confidence on the calculated values may be estimated at ±13%
by maximizing the experiment errors.
4) ND, Not detectable, Control means without any magnetic field.
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Results and Discussions(2)
- Figure 2 shows the effect of magnetic fields on the rate of
dissolved oxygen consumption. It can be seen that the rate
increases markedly after 4 days under the influence of south pole
as compared to the control and the north pole.
- One of the measures of biodegradation is increase in activity
(measured as rate of dissolved oxygen consumption) of the
microbes in presence of a substrate such as phenol.
- An increase in dissolved oxygen consumption indicates that it is
being utilized by the microorganisms to break down phenol into
its metabolic products which ultimately are CO2 and water.
- The phenol consumption rate was faster by nearly 30% in the
experiment with south pole as compared to the control.
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Fig.2 The effect of magnetic south and north pole field on the rate of O2 consumption
in batch recirculation bioreactor with immobilized activated sludge.
Control means without magnet.
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Results and Discussions(3)
- Figure 3 indicates that the phenol concentration
decreased rapidly under the influence of south
pole in comparison to the north pole and the control.
- The observed trend compares closely with that for the
rate of dissolved oxygen consumption and increase in
extracellular protein concentration.
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Fig.3 The effect of magnetic south and north pole field on the rate of
biodegradation when phenol was used as sole carbon source.
Control means without magnet.
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Results and Discussions(4)
- Significant production of extracellular protein
verified that biological activity was enhanced
when a magnetic south pole was applied to the
system as compared to the control as shown in Fig. 4.
- Microorganisms release enzymes extracellularly
which in turn attack the substrate. A higher amount of
proteins in the reaction medium is a positive measure
of biodegradation.
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Fig.4 The effect of magnetic south pole field on the protein concentration
Protein was not detected in reactor with north pole.
Control means without magnet.
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Results and Discussions(5)
- The poles were reversed several times.
Initially no magnetic field was applied then the south
pole was applied three times, and north pole twice
alternately over the duration of the experiment.
- The north pole was consistently inhibitory and
the south pole activating as seen from the dissolved
oxygen consumption rates in Fig. 5.
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Fig.5 The effect of alternating magnetic field on the rate of O2 consumption.
AB control, BC with south pole, CD with north pole,
DE with south pole, EF with north pole, FG with south pole.
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Conclusions(1)
1) When the magnetic north pole was applied to the system,
the decrease in concentration of the phenol was extremely slow,
2) There was a substantial decrease in oxygen consumption rate.
This was due to an inhibitory effect on the microorganisms
exposed to the magnetic north.
3) When magnetic south pole was applied to the system,
the phenol concentration decreased rapidly
and the rate of dissolved oxygen consumption along with
excessive extracellular protein build-up were high.
4) This is due to an enhancing effect of the magnetic south pole.
Oxygen consumption and phenol disappearance are also
positive signs.
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Conclusions(2)
On this basis, we conclude
- Bio-oxidation of phenol was enhanced
by magnetic field south pole
- Bio-oxidation of phenol inhibited
by magnetic north pole irradiation
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Thank you very much
for listening
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon
Jongtai Jung (Professor/Ph. D)
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering University of Incheon