We just learned that…
Over time, organisms change
The question is…
• What are organisms made of?
cells
organism
Anything living is made of cells
Fungi
Plants
Bacteria
Animals
Cells contain DNA
nucleus
DNA
Let’s look at some cells
• But cells can’t be seen without help
• We need a microscope
• Microscopes were invented in the 1600s
http://www.xmission.com/~psneeley/Personal/Leidyscope.JPG
Eye Piece
The
Microscope
Arm
Stage
Nosepiece
High Power
Objective Lens
Coarse Focus
Low Power
Objective Lens
Fine Focus
Diaphragm
Stage Clips
Base
Light
Lab: Animal vs. Plant
• Part A: Using the microscope
– How to use a microscope
• Part B: Comparing animal and plant cells
– Observe & explain the differences in structure
between animal and plant cells
• Part C:
– Classify an unknown cell as a plant or animal
How to make a wet mount
• Place drop of water on slide
• Set cover slip down from left to right
• Viola…
Lab: Comparing plant and animal cells
• View the newspaper letter
“e” under the microscope
• Draw it as you see it
• 100X
• What happens when you
move the slide away from
you?
• Move the slide to the left,
which direction does it
appear to move?
Letter “e”
Lab: Comparing plant and animal cells
Make a wet mount of onion skin
• Place the skin of the onion on a slide
• Place a drop of iodine and a drop of water on top
to stain the onion
• Cover with a coverslip
Start on low power (10X objective)
• Adjust with coarse adjustment, then focus with
fine adjustment, draw the cells
Enlarge with high power (43X objective)
• Adjust only with fine adjustment knob, draw the
cells
Lab: Comparing plant and animal cells
In your lab notebook
• Draw the image as you see it, first on low power
(100X), then on high power (430X)
Magnification 100X
Onion skin
Onion skin
430X
Lab: Comparing plant and animal cells
Make a slide of your cheek cells
• Use a toothpick to gently scrape the inside of
your cheek
• Rub the toothpick on a clean slide
• Add a drop of water and a drop of iodine
• Place a coverslip on top of the cells
• Draw on low power and then high power
Lab: Comparing plant and animal cells
In your lab notebook
•Draw the image as you see it, first on low power
(100X), then on high power (430X)
Human Cheek Cells
100X
Human Cheek Cells
430X
Lab: Comparing plant and animal cells
• Answer the following questions in your lab
notebook:
1. Why did we use the iodine solution on each
slide?
2. Compare the shapes of plant and animal cells.
3. What cell parts did you find in both types of
cells?
4. Given 2 cells, describe the steps you would use
in order to identify a cell as an animal or plant
cell?
Centrioles
Cytoplasm
The
Smooth Endoplasmic
Animal Cell Reticulum
Vesicle
Plasma Membrane
Nucleolus
Nucleus w/ DNA
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Golgi Apparatus
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nuclear Membrane
Lysosome
Filled with fluid containing waste or nutrients
Digests food within cell, “suicide sac”
Site of protein synthesis
Packages and releases cell materials
Gel-like fluid for support
Control center of cell, contains DNA
Makes ribosomes
Allows material into and out of nucleus
Semipermeable, controls material movement into and out of cell
Powerhouse of cell, makes energy
Produce lipids, no ribosomes
Channels for material transport, with ribosomes
Used in cell division in animal cells
Strands of genetic code
The
Plant Cell
Smooth ER
Golgi apparatus
Nucleus
Nuclear
membrane
Nucleolus
Chloroplast
Cell Wall
Plasma membrane
Vacuole
Ribosome
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Supports and protects plant cell
Site of photosynthesis, makes food
stores water and nutrients
Whip-like structure for movement
Hair-like structures for movement
Cell Notes
• Organisms are made of cells
• Cells  tissues  organs  organ systems 
organism
• The cell is the basic unit of life, the smallest
living thing
• Robert Hooke first discovered cells in cork tree
bark
Cell Notes
The Modern Cell Theory
– All living things are made of one or more cells
– Cells are the basic unit of structure and function
– New cells come from pre-existing cells
• (biogenesis)
http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/images/cell_division.gif
Cell Notes
Types of cells
• Prokaryote
• Simple
• Small
• No nucleus,
no organelles
• Domains:
Archea,
Bacteria
• Ex. bacteria
•Eukaryote
•Complex
•Large
•Have nucleus
and organelles
•Domain:
Eukarya
•Ex. Ameba,
mold, flower,
human
Cell Video
How does a plant cell relate to your
school?
Plant Organelle
Cell Wall
Plasma (Cell) Membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Chloroplasts
Mitochondrion
Vacuole
Chromosomes (DNA)
Ribosomes
Function within Plant
Who has similar job?
SELL THAT ORGANELLE
Working with a partner, make a creative poster
to describe your organelle. Include a large,
bright drawing of the organelle, a colorful
advertisement of its function(s), and a bridge
map for the title.
Cell wall
Cell
as
structure
Relating factor: _____________
Bones
Body