• ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION – the production of new individuals from one parent by mitosis. New organisms are identical to the parent.
• BINARY FISSION – a type of asexual reproduction in which one organism divides by mitosis to form two daughter cells of equal size.
• BUDDING – a type of asexual reproduction in which one organism divides by mitosis to form two daughter cells of unequal size.
• BULBS – a type of vegetative propagation in which an underground stem, that is specialized for food storage, develops into a new plant. Example: onion
• CUTTINGS - a type of vegetative propagation in which pieces of roots, stems, or leaves develop into new plants. Example: roses
• GRAFTING - a type of vegetative propagation in which a cutting from one plant, called a scion is attached to the main body of a rooted plant called the stock. Example: seedless oranges

• REGENERATION – the development of a new organism from a part of the parent organism. Examples: starfish & planaria
• RHIZOMES - a type of vegetative propagation in which long modified stems, that grow horizontally UNDER the soil produce plants at nodes along the stem. Example: grass
• RUNNERS - a type of vegetative propagation in which stems called runners, grow out OVER the surface of the soil from the existing stem. At points along the runner new plants grow. Example: strawberries
• SPORE – haploid reproductive cell, with a protective coat that allows it to survive until conditions are favorable for growth
• SPORULATION - a type of asexual reproduction in which specialized reproductive cells, called spores, produce new plants. Examples: mold, mushrooms, mosses & ferns
• TUBER - a type of vegetative propagation in which underground stems that contain stored food produce new plants. Example: potatoes
• VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION – a form of asexual plant reproduction. A part of a plant grows into a new plant.

Asexual Reproduction
- results from mitotic cell division
(mitosis). During asexual reproduction one cell, called the parent cell, divides into two identical daughter cells. The new organisms, called offspring are genetically identical to the parent cell.

A.
Binary fission : simplest type of asexual reproduction. There is equal division of the nucleus and cytoplasm of an organism resulting in two new organisms. The chromosomes of the offspring are identical to the parent.
Examples: ameba, paramecium, euglena
& bacteria

B. Budding : A type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops as an outgrowth of the parent. The new organism, called a bud is a tiny duplicate of the parent organism. The nucleus of an organism's cell divides equally but the cytoplasm divides unequally.
-- the new cells formed may live as individuals or as colonies
Examples: yeast, hydra

C. Sporulation : the production of spores ex. Molds, mushrooms, mosses & ferns
Spores: Single, specialized cells which are released from the parent -- they are enclosed in a protective case and develop when environmental conditions are favorable.
The formation of spores occurs in bread mold, mushrooms, mosses & ferns.

D. Regeneration : the development of an entire new organism from part of the parent organism.
Example: Starfish, Planaria & Sponges
-- may also involve the restoration of lost body parts
-- invertebrates have greater powers of regeneration than do vertebrates

E. Vegetative Propagation : a part of a plant, a root, a stem or a leaf grows into a new plant.
The new plant is exactly the same as the parent plant.