Qualities of Living Things What does it mean to be alive?? Benchmarks • Compare and classify organisms into major groups on the basis of their structure. (III.2.MS.1) Misconceptions • http://www.nasalearn.org/teacher_suppor t_alerts_misconceps_lifesci.htm • http://homepage.mac.com/vtalsma/syllabi /2943/handouts/misconcept.html#biology • Sing the Science Standards – Living or Non-Living? Qualities of Living Things ALL of the following must apply. Living things must... • move. • grow and develop and die. • adapt to their environment. • respond to stimuli/ are sensitive. • excrete wastes. • respire. (breathe) • reproduce. • are made of cells. • obtain and use energy. Alive??? Move? Grow/develop/d ie? Respond? Adapt? Excrete wastes? Respire? Reproduce? Made of Cells? Obtain/use energy? Human Candle Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Maybe Yes Yes Yes No Yes So…… Which is alive???? • Is the human alive??? • Is the candle alive??? Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry Radial Symmetry 1 line of Many lines of symmetry symmetry dividing an possible. organism into 2 mirror image parts. Example: Example: human Sea star Asymmetrical No lines of symmetry. Example: amoeba Onward… Now that you know about Qualities of Life, and Symmetry, let’s continue. Levels of Organization Cells Example Nerve cell Example Bone cell Tissues Nerve tissue Organs Brain Connective (bone) tissue bones Organ systems Central nervous system human Organism Skeletal system vertebrate Levels of Organization • Create a chart and fill in the levels of organization chart according to the following information. Level 1 - Cells • Are the basic units of • • structure and function in living things. May serve a specific function within the organism Blood cells, nerve cells, bone cells, etc Level 2 - Tissues • Made up of cells that • are similar in structure and function and which work together to perform a specific activity. Muscle, nerve, connective, epithelial, are the 4 types of tissue in humans. Level 3 - Organs • Made up of tissues • that work together to perform a specific activity. Brain, heart, skin Level 4 – Organ Systems • Groups of 2+ organs that • work together to perform a specific function for the organism. Circulatory, nervous, skeletal, digestive, endocrine, excretory, immune, reproductive, respiratory The Body Systems… • • • • • • • • • Circulatory-heart, blood, blood vessels, etc. Respiratory-lungs, bronchi, etc. Endocrine-glands, lymph nodes, etc. Nervous-nerves, spinal cord, brain, etc. Skeletal-bones, connective tissue, etc Digestive-esophagus, stomach, liver, etc. Excretory-kidney, liver, skin, etc. Immune-white blood cells, lymph, etc. Reporoductive- sexual organs, etc. Level 5 - Organisms • Entire living things that • • can carry out all basic life processes. Usually made up of organ systems, but organisms can also be unicellular. (“uni” means one) Bacteria, amoeba, mushroom, sunflower, human Levels of Organization • How will you remember these in order? Cells Tissues Organs Organ systemsOrganism Onward… • Before we go any further…. Let’s clarify the difference between the terms Heterotrophic and Autotrophic Heterotrophic • Organism that can • • NOT manufacture their own food. Get their energy from eating other organisms. Example: Animals of all kinds. Autotrophic • Organism that CAN • • manufacture it’s own food. Create their food from sunlight, or chemical means. Example: Plants of all kinds. Kingdoms… • Now that you know the difference between Autotrophic and Heterotrophic, we can begin to discuss the 5 kingdoms that all life is divided into. • Did you know that every living organism can be classified into one of the 5 kingdoms. The 5 Kingdoms of Life • Monera • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia Kingdom Monera (bacteria) • Unicellular • No nucleus • Heterotrophic or • • • autotrophic Most primitive Most numerous Example: bacteria 3 shapes of bacteria Spirilli Bacillu Cocci s Spiral Rod Sphere shaped shaped shaped Kingdom Protista (protists) • Unicellular • With nucleus • Autotrophic or • • 3 ways Protists Move Cilia Flagellum Pseudopodia heterotrophic Small Long Examples: hairlike whiplike Amoeba/ diatom oars Parame Euglena cium Streaming protoplasm (False foot) Amoeba Kingdom Fungi • Unicellular or • • • • Multicellular Have nuclei Heterotrophic (can’t make it’s own food) Cell wall contains chitin. Examples: mushroom, yeast Kingdom Plantae • Multicellular • Have nuclei • Autotrophic (makes it’s • • own food) Cell wall contains cellulose. Examples: grass, corn, tree Kingdom Animalia • Multicellular • Have nuclei • Heterotrophic (can’t • make it’s own food) Examples: spider, bird, human Remember those Kingdoms… Now create a mnemonic to remember the Kingdoms of life, and Draw a picture to make it easier for you to remember these kingdoms. Oh yes! Another list to remember… Are you ready???? Classification of Life • Every organism can be considered part of 1 of the 5 kingdoms, but the kingdom is only the broadest of the classification categories. • Every organism also has a much longer classification name. • This classification name gives clues as to how organisms are related to each other. Classification of Life • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species ***Make a mnemonic to remember levels of classification in order. Then draw a picture of your mnemonic so that you will remember it. Compare a lion to a human… Lion Human Kingdom Animalia Animalia Phylum Chrodata Chordata Class Mammalia Mammalia Order Carnivora Primate Family Felidae Homo Genus Panthera Sapiens Species leo sapiens Classification of Life • Do you see how they share the same Kingdom, Phylum and Class, but begin to differ at the Order level? • This shows that we are more closely related to lions than Pine Trees, because they would be an entirely different kingdom. Classification of Organisms How this fits together… 5 Kingdoms of Life Animalia Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Plantae Fungi Monera Protist Classification of Life • Any organism from any Kingdom can be classified in a similar manner. • Relationship to other organisms is based on how similar/different they are according to their structure. Classification Genus & Species • When we refer to an animal, many times they are referred to only by their genus and species names. • The genus name is ALWAYS capitalized. • The species name is NEVER capitalized.