Based on this diagram, an ecologist would most likely conclude that a decrease in the fox population would result in…
A. an increase in the owl population.
B. a decrease in the rabbit population.
C. a decrease in the chipmunk population.
D. an increase in the grasshopper population.

Most climatic variations are due to the uneven heating of
Earth’s surface as it orbits the sun
North Pole
60ºN
Polar zone
(cold with permafrost)
Low angle of incoming sunlight
Temperate zone
(mild temps with seasonal variation)
30ºN
Tropic of
Cancer
Tropical zone
(warm wet climate)
Sunlight strikes most directly
0º (equator)
Temperate zone
(mild temps with seasonal variation)
Polar zone
(cold with permafrost)
Low angle of incoming sunlight
Atmosphere
Tropic of
Capricorn
30ºS
60ºS
South Pole

Biomes are determined by average temperature and precipitation
Describe one similarity and one difference between the temperate rain forest and the temperate forest.

What limiting factors will affect the carrying capacity?

Cell Biology – The Building Blocks
Cell Theory:
All living things are made of cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function and all cells come from other cells.
Characteristics of living things:
• Made of cells.
• Shows organization.
• Displays growth.
• Reproduces.
• Responds to stimuli.
• Requires energy.
• Maintains homeostasis.
• Makes adaptations.

Cell Biology – Diffusion & Osmosis
The process that moves materials from an area of
HIGH concentration to an area of LOW concentration.

You should know ‘em by now!
Animal Cell Plant Cell

Cell Biology – Photosynthesis and Respiration

Cell Biology –
Mitosis
Cells divide using mitosis. The result is two identical daughter cells.
The cells are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

Genetics –
Meiosis
Many organisms need to create reproductive cells
(like sperm & eggs).
These are called gametes.
The product of meiosis is four gametes. Each has one set of chromosomes, making it haploid.

Who’s got it?

Genetics – Gregor Mendel the “Father of Genetics”
Mendel studied pea plants to discover basic rules of heredity.
Punnett Squares 
Alleles – Pairs of a gene or trait.
Dominant – Takes over.
Recessive - Stays hidden.
Phenotype - Appearance.
Genotype – Genetic makeup.

Using the pedigree, draw a punnett square, to answer the following question.
What is the percent chance that person U and her husband will have a child with sickle cell disease?
B = normal allele b = sickle cell allele
Possible
Genotypes / Phenotypes

Punnett Squares can do more than 1 cross at a time! 
Sometimes alleles show
Incomplete
Dominance.
Red + White = Pink

Tools to keep track:
 Pedigree
Karyotype 
Genetic Phenotype
Trees

Genetics - DNA
DNA in various forms 
DNA Replication – the original
“unzips” and two chains form.
DNA
Double Helix
Histones are wrapped, forming
Nucleosomes.
Chromatin
Coiled
Chromatin
Supercoiled
Chromatin
Chromosome
(in Mitosis)

Diversity – Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
Those best suited to an environment will survive.
They will reproduce and establish their niche.

Diversity - Natural Selection drives Evolution
Charles Darwin
1809-1882

Scientific Name: Rana catesbeiana
Common Name: American Bullfrog
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Ranidae
Genus: Rana
Species: R. catesbeiana

Diversity –
Classification & Tree of Life
Cladogram – a model to show evolutionary history.
Taxonomy – a system of organization.
Such as: D,K,P,C,O,F,G,S

To which species does the insect belong?
• Problematica alva
• Problematica brancus
• Problematica cantrellis
• Problematica differensis

Reading a science question is not like reading anything else.
Look for the details. Read it several times!
1. Skim-read the passage or chart.
2. Read the question carefully.
3. Go back to the passage or chart.

Budget your time…
1. Don’t spend to long on one question.
2. Mark the ones you want to come back to.
3. Go back after you finish and work on the ones you marked.
4. Answer everything!

Some of you owe me some money!