Human Parasitology
For 8-year medical students
人体寄生虫学
Wu Zhongdao, Ph.D
Professor
Department of Parasitology
QQ: 1151917403
2014-10-9
Prof Lv Fangli(吕芳丽)
Prof Li Xiurong(李学荣)
Prof Fung Mingchiu(冯明钊), Ph.D,
(Hong Kong Chinese University)
Associate Prof Wang Xuelan(汪雪兰)
林炳亮教授
科
职
擅
室： 中山三院感染性疾病科
称： 主任医师 教授
长： 乙肝，丙肝的抗病毒治疗 ，肝硬化，肝
衰竭的救治，自身免疫性肝病及寄生虫病的诊治
执业经历： 医学博士，研究生导师，1991年从中山
医科大学毕业后一直在现单位从事感染性疾病的临床
和研究工作。美国西北大学访问学者，广东医学会感
染病学分会秘书，广东医学会肝脏病分会病毒性肝炎
组常委，广东寄生虫病学会常务理事，主要研究病毒
性肝炎防治 ，肝硬化的诊治 ，肝衰竭和肝再生机制，
干细胞治疗终末期肝病的临床应用。
教学进度表请上360云盘下载：
http://yunpan.cn/cgfGGzPYfK6HZ 访问密码 5229
Curriculum of Human Parasitology 2014
1. Lecture: 9 Nov～15 Jan
2 hr each week
Total 32 hr
2. Practice in Laboratory:19 Nov ～3 Jan
3 hr each week
Total 24 hr
3. TBL & learning by yourself
4. Test: homework, final test
学习内容
寄生虫学（parasitology)总论
吸虫 (trematode)
绦虫 (cestode)
线虫 (nematode)
原虫 (protozoa)
医学节肢动物(arthropoda)
Textbook and reading books:
Textbook of Medical Parasitology, Edition by Wu
Zhongdao, Lv Fangli and Zheng Xiaoying.The book
can be ordered at the Department of Parasitology
《人体寄生虫学》(詹希美教授主编)人民卫生出版社
(第二版)
Parasite online http://www.msu.edu/course/zol/316/
PARASITOLOGY online textbook:
http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/book/parasit-sta.htm
http://202.116.102.10/BIOLOGY/news/home.aspx
http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/book/parasit-sta.htm
Parasite online
http://www.msu.edu/course/zol/316/
http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/az/index.html
http://apps.who.int/tdr/
利用网上工具如Youtube搜寻视频学习资料
考试形式：100分
1、理论考试：
8年制及检验：笔试（期终)：80分
五年制临床及医学相关：笔试（期终：80分）
2、实验考试：辩认虫卵或虫体标本（20个标本，15分）
实验课平时作业：5分）
2. 学习竞赛活动--人体寄生虫学课程学习创意比赛
① 人体寄生虫学生活史模式图；
② 人体寄生虫学学习内容的相关歌曲或微视频；
③ 人体寄生虫虫体或虫卵手机照片。
我们将通过老师和学生评分相结合的形式，各评出优
秀奖6名，三等奖4名，三等奖2名，1等奖1名。
请各位同学将自己的作品发送到：刘记收，
1224989703@qq.com。
Lesson one
寄生虫学概述
Introduction of Parasitology
Parasite(寄生虫）
Host（宿主)
Parasitism(寄生关系）
Parasitize （寄生）
Parasitic disease （寄生虫病）
What is
Parasite(寄生虫) ?
Parasitic diseases (寄生虫病)?
Parasitology (寄生虫学)?
Parasitic helminth eggs(400×)
1.
unfertilized egg of A.lumbricoides
(未受精蛔虫卵)
2-4. fertilized egg of A.lumbricoides
(受精蛔虫卵)
5-7. hookworm eggs (钩虫)
8. egg of Trichuris trichiura
(鞭虫虫卵)
9-10. eggs of Enterobius vermicularis
(蛲虫虫卵)
11-12. eggs of tapeworm (绦虫虫卵)
13. egg of Hymenolpis nana (微小膜壳绦
虫虫卵)
14. egg of Clonorchis sinensis (华支睾吸虫
虫卵)
15. egg of Schistosoma japonicum(日本血
吸虫虫卵)
16. egg of Paragonimus westermani (卫氏
并殖吸虫虫卵)
17. egg of Fasciolopsis buski(布氏姜片虫
虫卵)
egg of Schistosoma japonicum
日本血吸虫
hookworm eggs
钩虫
egg of Schistosoma mansoni
曼氏血吸虫
egg of Schistosoma haematobium
埃及血吸虫
bancrofti microfilariae
斑氏丝虫微丝蚴
malayi microfilariae
马来丝虫微丝蚴
larve of Strongyloides stercoralis
粪类圆线虫
larve of Angiostrongylus cantonensis
广州管圆线虫
larvae cyst of Trichinella spiralis
旋毛虫
cysticercus of Taenia saginata
牛带绦虫囊尾蚴
Sparganum of Spirometra mansoni
曼氏迭宫绦虫裂头蚴
cysticercus of Taenia solium
猪带绦虫囊尾蚴
Trophozoite of Entamoeba histolytica
溶组织阿米巴滋养体
Trophozoites of Giardia lamblis
蓝氏贾第鞭虫滋养体
cyst of Entamoeba histolytica
溶组织阿米巴包囊
cysts of Giardia lamblis
包囊
trophozoite of Plasmodium vivax
间日疟原虫滋养体
schizont of Plasmodium vivax
间日疟原裂殖体(裂殖子schizozoite)
Female gametocyte of P. vivax
male gametocyte & trophozoite of P. vivax
间日疟原虫雌配子体
间日疟原虫雄配子体
Biology of Parasites
•
•
•
•
•
•
Symbiosis (共生现象)
Parasitism (寄生现象)
Parasite (寄生虫)
Host (宿主/寄主)
Life cycle
Parasite-host interaction
Symbiosis
(共生）
1.Commensalism
（共栖）
2.Mutualism
（互利共生）
3. Parasitism
Parasite
Definitive host
Intermediate host
Reservoir host
（寄生）
Host
Paratenic or
transport host
Symbiosis (共生)
both members of different species living together
Including:
• Commensalisms
• Mutualism
• parasitism
Commensalism (共栖):
The word was from Latin for “eating at same
table”, denoting an association which is beneficial
to one partner and at least not disadvantageous to
the other.
The two partners can survive independently.
Mutualism (互利共生)
an association in which the mutualist and the host
depend on each other physiologically, and such an
association is beneficial to both organisms
(partners).
Bifidobacterium
Parasitism (寄生)
another type of symbiotic relationship between two
organisms: a parasite (寄生), usually the smaller of the two,
and a host (宿主), upon which the parasite is
physiologically dependent.
A parasite (寄生虫) : an organism that lives on or in a
host organism (宿主) and gets its food from or at the
expense of its host.
寄生物(parasite):
virus, bacterium, protozoa, helminths
one cell or multicellular organism
Survive Manner :
• Obligate parasite (专性寄生虫):
cannot survive in any other manner, such as most
human parasites
• Facultative parasite (兼性寄生虫):
exist in a free-living state or as a commensal state,
such as Strongyloides stercoralis
• Temporary parasite (偶然寄生虫):
somrtime invide into human (animal parasite)
Living in body or on the surface:
• Endoparasite (体内寄生虫)
• Ectoparasite (体外寄生虫)
There are three main classes of parasites that can cause
disease in humans, medical/human parasites:
1. Medical Protozoa(原虫)
2. Medical Helminths（蠕虫）
3. Ectoparasites/Medical arthropods（体外寄生虫或医
学节肢动物）.
Helminths:
Trematode(吸虫)
Tapeworm/cestode (绦虫)
Nematode (线虫)
How to name parasite?
Phylum(门)、Class(纲)、Order(目)、
Family(科)、Genus(属)、Species(种)
Each parasite has two names: a
Genus(属名) and a Species name（种名）
Schistosoma japonicum
属名
种名
Protozoa（原虫）
Blood
Intestine
Lung
Other organ
Plasmodium
Leishmania
Toxoplasma
Entamoeba
Cryptosporidium
Giardia
Pneumocystis
Trichomonas
疟原虫
利什曼原虫
弓形虫
阿米巴
隐孢子虫
贾第虫
肺孢子虫
毛滴虫
Trematode（吸虫）
Blood
Schistosome spp
血吸虫
intestine
Clonorchis sinensis
肝吸虫
Fasciolopsis buski
姜片虫
Lung & other Paragonimus westermani
organs
肺吸虫
Tapeworm(绦虫)
Intestine
Taenia solium
猪带绦虫
intestine
Taenia saginata
牛带绦虫
Liver & other
organs
Brain & other
organ
Echinocococus
granulosus(larva)
Spirometra
mansoni(larva)
细粒棘球绦虫
曼氏迭宫绦虫
Nematode(线虫）
Ascris
蛔虫
pinworm
蛲虫
whipworm
鞭虫
hookworm
钩虫
Lymphatic system
filaria
丝虫
Intestine & muscle
Trichnella
旋毛虫
intestine
Medical arthropod(医学节肢动物)
Class Arachnid Tick, mite
蜱、螨
Class Insecta
蚊、蝇、白蛉、
蚤、虱、蟑螂
Mosquito,fly,
sandfly,flea,
louse,
cockroach
What is Parasitology?
Parasitology (寄生虫学): the study of parasites
and their relationships to their hosts.
Medical parasites
The morphology, life cycle
Relationship with hosts and
environment
How to control
Medical Parasitology
Human parasitology
Medical protozoology(原虫学)
Medical helminthology(蠕虫学)
Medical arthropodology(节肢
动物学)/entomology(昆虫学)
What is Parasitology?
Parasite 寄生虫 pathogen
Host 宿主
humans/animals
Relationship of parasitism
Control of parasitic disease
Basic subject of medicine
Life cycle(生活史):
The period of time that it takes for an organism to
live its entire life.
Some animals, such as parasite and insects,
change their shape several times during their life
cycle.
Host: definitive host
intermediate host
reservoir host
paratenic host.
Host（宿主） : an organism that harbours the parasite
and provides the nourishment and shelter.
Definitive host (终宿主) : harbour the adult parasites and
most highly developed form of the parasite or in which
the parasite replicates sexually.
Intermediate host (中间终主) : harbour the larval stages
of parasite development or the asexual forms of the
parasite .
Reservoir host (保虫宿主) : harbours the parasites and
serves as an important source of infection to other
susceptible hosts
Host?
Parasite?
The stage of life
cycle?
The stage of
infection(invading)
Parasitic site?
Which stage of
parasite can be
detected?
Paratenic host or transport host (转续宿主)
The larva of some parasites can invade a non-normal host,
but can not grow, and only lives in the larva stage. If the
larva enters a normal definitive host, it can continue to
grow into an adult worm. The non-normal host is called
paratenic host or transport host. It functions as a transport
or carrier host.
Reservoir host
Paratenic host or transport host
Zoonosis
Zoonosis(人兽共患病) : means the diseases of animals
which are transmissible to man. These are the infections
which are naturally transmitted between the vertebrate
animals and man.
Animal
human
TRANSMISSION OF PARASITES（传播）
Source of infection
(传染源)
Oral route
Inoculation by
an arthropod
Penetration of
vector
the skin and
mucous
Sexual contact
membrane
Susceptible individual
(易感者)
Parasite-host interaction
Parasite’s ability to breach host barriers and to
evade destruction by innate local and tissue host
defenses
Parasitism is the result of evolution.
free living
parasitism
Parasite have the ability to fit the environment of
host
Commensalism
共栖
Parasitism
寄生
互利
共生
Mutualism
Host impact on parasite
Innate
immunity
Acquired
immunity
parasite
Changes of
structure
IMMUNOEVASION
Parasite impact on host
damages
Direct damage loss nutrition toxins &
hypersensitivity
Parasitic infection and Parasitic diseases
Parasite
infection
individual
Infective
individual
without
symptoms
Acute
Chronic
advanced
Parasites are still common
pathogenic organisms of human
• Targeted diseases in China: HB, HIV,TB,
SARS, Schistosoma japonicum
• Most of target diseases in TDR/WHO
New public health problems
Co-infection, Imported infection, emerging
infection, opportunistic infection
,
Worm world!
Accoding to WHO statistics , parasites are the
cause of more human deaths than anything else
apart from HIV/AIDS and TB, one living person in
ten suffers from one or more of eight major
tropical diseases: malaria, schistosomiasis,
lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, leprosy,
sleeping sickness,Chagas disease,and
leishmaniasis
<<Parasitology Today>>
http://www.who.int
TDR focuses on infectious diseases
√ African trypanosomiasis(非洲锥虫病)
√ Chagas disease(恰加斯病或美洲锥虫病)
Dengue(登革热)
√ Leishmaniasis(利什曼病)
Leprosy(麻疯病)
√ Lymphatic filariasis(淋巴丝虫病)
√ Malaria(疟疾)
√ Onchocerciasis(盘尾丝虫病或河盲症)
√ Schistosomiasis(血吸虫病)
Tuberculosis(结核病)
在发达国家也面临寄生虫病的问题：
国际旅行-境外感染-疟疾等
新现的寄生虫-如Cyclosporiasis(环孢子虫病)
http://www.cdc.gov/
Outbreak Investigations — United States, 2014
2014年美国环孢子虫病发病人数统计
(Cyclosporiasis）
提出了一个观点：进一步审视“寄生现象”，进一步
探索利用“寄生虫”感染诱导TH2为主优势免疫应答
的特性，发展新型生物治疗方法和虫源性药物
http://infect.dxy.cn/article/80806(丁香园）
许多寄生虫抗原对抗原递呈细胞的成熟和分化起抑
制作用
我们课题组的工作
rSj16 induce more Treg T
cells in vitro
*
+
IL-12p40，IFN-r，IL-17
rSj16 induce more Treg T cells in vivo
IL-10，IL-4
Why should you study Parasitology?
To be a doctor , Basic subject of medicine:
relation to immunology and pathology
How to study ?
Morphology, Life cycle,
Pathogenesis and clinical manifestation
Diagnosis, Epidemiology and control
Key points: life cycle(生活史)
How many stages of the life cycle?
Which stage is infective stage? And how?
Which stage inhabit humans? And where?
Which stage is primary cause of the disease?
Which stage was detected for diagnosis?