Promoter structure and
gene regulation
Bacterial Promoters
Source: http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/MGA2_03-09.html
a, Simple eukaryotic transcriptional unit. A simple core promoter (TATA), upstream activator
sequence (UAS) and silencer element spaced within 100–200 bp of the TATA box that is
typically found in unicellular eukaryotes. b, Complex metazoan transcriptional control
modules. A complex arrangement of multiple clustered enhancer modules interspersed with
silencer and insulator elements which can be located 10–50 kb either upstream or
downstream of a composite core promoter containing TATA box (TATA), Initiator sequences
(INR), and downstream promoter elements (DPE).
Source: Transcription regulation and animal diversity (2003), Levine&Tjian, Nature 424, 147-151
Transcription factors (TFs) bind to specific sites (transcription-factor binding sites; TFBS) that
are either proximal or distal to a transcription start site. Sets of TFs can operate in functional
cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) to achieve specific regulatory properties. Interactions between
bound TFs and cofactors stabilize the transcription-initiation machinery to enable gene
expression. The regulation that is conferred by sequence-specific binding TFs is highly
dependent on the three-dimensional structure of chromatin.
Source: Applied bioinformatics for the identification of regulatory elements,
Wasserman&Sandelin, NatRevGen 5, 276-287 (2004)
Source: Weight matrix descriptions of four eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoter elements
derived from 502 unrelated promoter sequences (1990), P.Bucher, J Mol Bio, 212,563-578
Source: Weight matrix descriptions of four eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoter elements
derived from 502 unrelated promoter sequences (1990), P.Bucher, J Mol Bio, 212,563-578
Eukaryotic Promoters
Source: http://www.gentarget.com/images/suCMV1.jpg
Source:
http://www.lecb.ncifcrf.gov/~toms/gallery/h
awaii.fig1.gif/