Chapter 16
To the winner…
15% bonus added to their test
What personal characteristics and events in
Gregor Mendel's life significantly contributed to
his ultimate contribution to the study of
63%
inheritance?
jo
b
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a
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.
ist
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al
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go
t
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le
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na
ph
ys
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fa
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fa
i
He
Hi
s
tra
in
le
d
hi
s
in
gi
n
ph
ys
ic
sa
..
ex
am
.
A. His training in physics and mathematics at the
University of Vienna.
B. He failed his physics exam.
13% 13%
13%
C. He failed his natural history exam.
0%
D. He got his teaching license at the age of 21.
E. He got a job as a substitute teacher and
enjoyed it.
Mating a purebred Labrador retriever to a purebred
poodle to produce "Labradoodles" is an example of
56%
true-breeding.
hybridization.
self-fertilizing.
inbreeding.
mixed breeding.
19%
13%
13%
.
br
ee
di
ng
g.
m
ixe
d
br
ee
di
n
in
se
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n.
hy
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id
iza
ng
.
ebr
ee
di
zin
g.
0%
tru
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Which of these is NOT a reason that Mendel used pea
plants as a model to study inheritance?
56%
ar
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t ie
ss
sh
...
e
Th
ch
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.. .
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ize
.
tro
lc
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ev
yt
o
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n
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rti
l
se
lf-
no
t
se
as
ey
ca
n
Th
It
i
Th
er
e
ar
em
an
yv
ar
ie
tie
s..
.
A. There are many varieties with distinct and
38%
different characteristics.
B. They cannot self-fertilize.
C. It is easy to control cross-fertilizations. 6%
0%
0%
D. The varieties he chose would show the same
variant for a trait in generation after
generation.
E. They have large flowers.
Which of the following are incorrectly matched for a
single-factor cross?
44%
38%
6%
of
...
/r
es
ul
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of
...
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ra
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F1
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of
..
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/t
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..
P generation / true breeding
F1 generation / monohybrid
13%
F2 generation / result of F1 cross
F1 generation / result of P cross
F2 generation / result of P cross
P
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A cross of a true-breeding smooth pod and yellow
pod plants results in all smooth pod offspring. This
indicates that
56%
yellow is dominant and smooth is recessive.
31%
smooth is dominant and yellow is recessive.
yellow and smooth are not alleles.
yellow and smooth are variants6%of the6%same
0%
gene.
E. two of the answers are correct. Yellow and
smooth are variants of the same gene, and
smooth is the dominant trait.
tw
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nd
...
ta
in
an
do
m
is
sm
ye
llo
w
v.
..
A.
B.
C.
D.
Participant Leaders
Points
4
Participant
17
Points
2
Participant
8
4
4
4
20
10
19
2
1
1
1
32
7
3
3
2
2
22
21
2
12
1
1
13
11
2
14
2
15
fre
ck
75
%
10
0%
fre
ck
l
ed
,1
00
%
he
le
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d
75
,5
.
%
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fre
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d
50
,2
.
%
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fre
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d
10
,5
.
0%
0%
fre
he
te
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r..
le
d,
.
75
%
he
te
.. .
A male is heterozygous for the trait that produces
freckles on the skin, and he has freckles. If he marries
a woman who is also heterozygous for freckles,
______ percent of their children will be freckled and
__________ percent of their children will 38%
be
31%
heterozygous.
A. 100% freckled, 100% heterozygous 19%
13%
B. 75% freckled, 50% heterozygous
C. 75% freckled, 25% heterozygous
0%
D. 50% freckled, 50% heterozygous
E. 100% freckled, 75% heterozygous
How can you determine the genotype of a plant
showing the dominant phenotype of red color?
ith
w
nt
pl
a
pl
a
re
d
re
d
Cr
o
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t
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...
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w
ith
...
ith
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re
d
th
e
Cr
o
Cr
os
s
Th
ep
he
no
ty
pe
re
fle
ct
s
t..
..
A. The phenotype reflects the genotype, so the
31%
plant must be homozygous for the trait.
B. Cross the red plant with a white plant25%to see if 25%
any white plants appear.
C. Cross the red plant with other red13%
plants to see if
any white plants appear.
6%
D. Cross the red plant with a white plant to see how
many red plants appear.
E. Cross the red plant with another red plant, and
then cross the F1 population with each other to
see if any white plants appear.
The single-factor crosses performed by Mendel
support the observation that
th
e
tw
o
all
el
th
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fo
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giv
all
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if
es
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e.
on
..
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ly
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le
th
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e
sf
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.. .
if
in
th
an
ed
ta
lle
om
le
in
s..
an
.
ta
lle
le
sf
o.
..
A. the two alleles for a given gene are distributed
randomly
56%
among an individual's gametes.
B. the two alleles for a given gene are found within the same
gamete.
C. if the recessive alleles for two different genes are on the
same chromosome, they will never be found within the 19%
13%
same gamete.
6% 6%
D. only the dominant alleles for a given trait are found
in an
organism's gametes.
E. if the dominant alleles for two different genes are on
different chromosomes, they will never be found within the
same gamete.
The two-factor crosses performed by Mendel support
the observation that
...
eF
on
of
w
ili
za
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n
n
tio
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se
lf-
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e
F1
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it s
di
. ..
b.
..
ed
ar
. ..
it
tra
ive
n
ag
tra
le
le
sf
or
al
..
A. alleles for a given trait are distributed randomly
among an individual's gametes independent
of
47%
the alleles for other traits.
B. traits that are encoded by genes on different
27% the same
chromosomes are never found within
20%
gamete.
C. the F1 generation can display phenotypes in
7%
combinations different from those seen in the
P
0%
generation.
D. the F2 generation will only display phenotypes in
the same combinations as the P generation.
E. self-fertilization of the F1 generation will produce
100% heterozygous plants at both loci.
An organism that is heterozygous for two traits can
produce a maximum of _______ different gametes for
these traits.
25%
8
if
t
nl
y
4;
o
ft
he
ya
re
on
ar
e
he
y
on
th
e
sa
m
di
ff.
..
. ..
4
2
2
19% 19%
4
13%
2; if they are on the same chromosome
4; only if they are on different chromosomes
8
2;
i
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
25%
Participant Leaders
Points
7
Participant
22
Points
3
Participant
13
7
7
5
17
19
10
3
2
2
1
32
7
4
4
4
4
12
20
15
21
2
2
14
11
3
2
3
8
Which of the following INCORRECTLY states a principle
of the chromosome theory of inheritance?
Ge
ne
sa
re
tra
Ga
ns
m
m
et
it t
es
ed
co
fr.
nt
So
.
a
m
in
at
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ic
th
ce
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lls
...
Th
co
ep
nt
ai
at
n
er
a.
na
..
Ga
la
m
nd
et
m
es
at
ar
er
e
n.
ha
.
pl
oi
d
an
d.
..
A. Genes are transmitted from parent to offspring
43%
via chromosomes.
36%
B. Gametes contain either a maternal or paternal
set of chromosomes.
21%
C. Somatic cells contain a maternal and paternal set
of chromosomes.
D. The paternal and maternal chromosomes
assort0%
0%
randomly during meiosis.
E. Gametes are haploid and somatic cells are
diploid.
A homologous pair of sister chromatids will possess
_______ copies of the alleles for each locus.
44%
38%
19%
50
%
of
th
e
0%
1
8
0%
4
2
4
8
1
50% of the
2
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Which of the following accurately gives the
distribution of phenotypes produced from a cross of
purple dwarf pea plants that are heterozygous for
50%
flower color and plant height?
dw
f;
28
pl
e
ar
dw
pl
e
pu
rp
l. .
.
ar
l
ta
l
pu
r
pu
r
f;
6
w
10
0%
27
pu
r
pl
e
dw
ar
ar
f;
dw
54
hi
te
h.
..
w
13
8
pu
rp
l. .
.
f;
28
ar
pu
rp
le
dw
13
2
pl
e
pu
r
63
31%
f
A. 63 purple dwarf; 28 purple tall; 27 white
dwarf; 7 white tall
13%
B. 132 purple dwarf; 138 white tall
6%
C. 54 purple dwarf; 6 white tall
0%
D. 100% purple dwarf
E. 27 purple dwarf; 28 purple tall; 31 white
dwarf; 29 white tall
What features of meiosis allow for independent
assortment of chromosomes?
56%
n
re
du
c
ra
t io
se
pa
ra
nd
om
al
ign
m
en
to
fh
of
...
sis
te
rc
tio
hr
n
o.
of
..
ch
bo
ro
th
m
th
os
e
om
se
p
. ..
Al
ar
at
lo
io
ft
n
he
of
se
si.
fe
..
at
ur
es
all
o.
..
A. random alignment of homologous sister
chromatids on the metaphase plate
B. separation of sister chromatids
19%
C. reduction of chromosome number19%
from diploid
to haploid
6%
0% the
D. both the separation of sister chromatids and
reduction of chromosome number from diploid
to haploid
E. All of these features allow for the independent
assortment of chromosomes.
The probability of obtaining a dominant phenotype
from self-fertilization of a heterozygous individual is
1/4
1/2
3/4
100%
0%
1/
1/
1
1/ 900
1/
1
1/ 901
1/
19
1/ 02
1/
1
1/ 903
1/
1
1/ 904
1/
1
1/ 905
1/
1
1/ 906
1/
1
1/ 907
1/
1
1/ 908
1/
1
1/ 909
1/
19
10
A.
B.
C.
D.
5 More Questions…
Points
10
Participant
17
Points
4
Participant
8
10
8
8
19
22
10
4
3
3
21
32
14
5
5
5
5
12
20
7
13
3
2
1
11
4
2
4
15
Cytogenetic is
1. A photographic representation of chromosome.
2. The field of genetics that involves the microscopic
examination of the chromosomes and cell division.
3. The sorting process to divide one cell nucleus into
two nuclei.
4. The process by which the haploid cells are
produced from a cell that was originally diploid.
88%
6%
6%
0%
1
2
3
4
DNA associates very tightly with
nucleosomes because
1. DNA can form covalent bonds with histone
proteins.
2. negative charges on DNA are attracted to positive
charges of the histone proteins.
3. the histone tails wrap tightly around the DNA
double helix.
4. the amino acids of histone proteins are largely
acidic, while DNA molecules are basic.
69%
13%
13%
6%
1
2
3
4
During metaphase,
1. heterochromatin is converted to
euchromatin.
2. chromosomes are about 30 nm wide.
3. chromosomes are much shorter than they
were in interphase.
4. chromosomes undergo gene transcription.
5. the "beads on a string" structure is visible.
69%
13%
6%
1
6%
2
6%
3
4
5
Which of the following statements is
correct about the cell cycle?
1. The cell cycle is a sequence of replication and
division that produces a new cells.
2. The phase of the cell cycle are G1, S, and M phases.
3. In actively dividing cells, the S and G2 phases are
collectively known as interphase.
4. When the S phase of the cell cycle is finished, a cell
actually has twice as many chromatids as the
number of chromosomes in the G1 phase.
87%
7%
7%
0%
1
2
3
4
Humans have __________ different
types of autosomes.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
46
44
23
22
11
75%
19%
6%
0%
1
2
0%
3
4
5
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