BILE &
DIGESTION
GROUP 2:
AZREENASHAFIQAH BT AZMEE
D11A005
AZWAN BIN KAMARUDIN
D11B038
HASNA NADIA BT HASAN SAZALLI
D11A009
FATHIYAH BT JUFRI
D11A006
AMIRAH NU’AIMI BT ZAKARIA
D11A004
What is BILE?
Where is it comes
from?
Where is it located?
What is the
function?
BILIARY SYSTEM: ANATOMY PART
The biliary system
consists of the organs
(liver, gall bladder,
pancreas) and ducts
(bile ducts) that are
involved in the
production and
transportation of bile.
FUNCTION OF BILIARY SYSTEM
•To drain waste products from the
liver into the duodenum.
•To help in digestion (normally fat)
with the controlled release of bile.
WHAT IS BILE??
Bile or gall is a bitter-tasting,
dark green to yellowish brown
fluid, produced by the liver of
most vertebrates, that aids the
process of digestion of lipids in
the small intestine.
It consists of water (85%), bile
salts (10%), mucus & pigment
(3%), fats (1%), inorganic salts
(0.7%), & cholesterol (0.3%)
In many species, bile is stored
in the gallbladder and upon
eating is discharged into the
duodenum.
Function of BILE
1. Breaks down the fats so that the body
can utilize them.
Without adequate bile, fats cannot be metabolized well which
can result in a deficiency of the fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and
K). You may also have problems digesting the essential fatty
acids.
2. Act as an antioxidant which helps to
remove toxins from the liver.
The liver filters toxins (bacteria, viruses, drugs or other foreign
substances the body doesn't want) and sends them out via the
bile, which is made in the liver. The pathway of departure is from
the liver through the bile ducts and into the gallbladder or
directly into the small intestine where it joins waste matter and
leaves through the colon with the feces.
WHAT IF GALLBLADDER IS REMOVED??
•The term is called cholecystectomy.
•Complications:
i.
The digestive tract isn’t able to receive enough
bile, meaning it also doesn’t receive enough
bile salts.
ii. As a result, toxins can build up over time,
creating many complications and illnesses such
as infection, inflammation and cancer.
But can be adjusted, treated by taking bile
salts orally once a day as a natural
supplement to restore your digestive tract
back to a clean and pristine condition.
STEPS OF PRODUCTION & TRANSPORTATION
OF BILE
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
When the liver cells secrete bile, it is
collected by a system of ducts that flow
from the liver through the right and left
hepatic ducts.
These ducts ultimately drain into the
common hepatic duct.
The common hepatic duct then joins
with the cystic duct from the
gallbladder to form the common bile
duct, which runs from the liver to the
duodenum (the first section of the
small intestine).
However, not all bile runs directly into
the duodenum. About 50 percent of
the bile produced by the liver is first
stored in the gallbladder, a pear-shaped
organ located directly below the liver.
Then, when food is eaten, the
gallbladder contracts and releases
stored bile into the duodenum to help
break down the fats.
BILE ??? HORSE ???
 Do Horses produce Bile ?
 Where do bile stored ?
 Where is the horse’s gall bladder ?
 Where do this bile goes to ?
  LETS SHARE 
BILE ??? HORSE ???
 Do Horses produceYES
Bile ?
BLADDER
 Where do bileGALL
stored
?
 Where is the
gall bladder ?
NOhorse’s
GALL BLADDER
 WhereSTRAIGHT
do this bile
goes to
?
TO SMALL
INTESTINE
  LETS SHARE 
Horses and Bile
 Gall bladder is not essential, absence in horse
 Horses do produce bile for digestion
 Bile will constantly released into the small
intestine
 A horse who has gone half a day without eating
can start to look jaundiced (eat constantly)
Why do horses have to
eat constantly ?

Liver is continuously secreting bile and continuously delivered into
the small intestine

Stomach constantly produces acids for breaking down foods and
activating enzymes for digesting proteins

Horse’s stomach is relatively small and can only hold so much at
one time

Most of a horse’s energy comes from fermenting forages in the
hindgut
DIGESTION OF
CARBOHYDRATE
HASNA NADIA BT HASAN SAZALLI
D11A009
IN MOUTH
• When food is chewed, it mixed with saliva
which contain digestive enzyme salivary
alpha- amylase secreted mainly by parotid
gland.
hydrolyze the glycogen, starch and
dextrins into the disaccharide maltose.
In stomach
• No carbohydrate digestion take place.
• The activity of the salivary amylase is blocked
by acid of gastric section because the amylase
is essentially non active as an enzyme once
the pH of the medium falls below.
In the Small Intestine
• Digestion by pancreatic amylase
-contain large quantity of alpha-amylase that
identical with alpha-amylase of saliva but
several times as powerful.
Amylase
Polysaccharides
Disaccharides
HYDROLYSIS OF DISACCHARIDES INTO
MONOSACCHARIDES
• Digestion mediated by enzymes synthesized
by cells lining the small intestine (brush
border).
Contain enzyme : lactose, sucrose, maltose and
alpha-dextrinase.
Disaccharides
Brush Border Enzymes
Monosaccharides
* Exception is β-1,4 bonds in cellulose
HYDROLYSIS OF DISACCHARIDES INTO
MONOSACCHARIDES
Sucrase
Sucrose
Glucose + Fructose
Maltase
Maltose
Glucose + Glucose
Lactase
Lactose
Glucose + Galactose
• Thus the final products of carbohydrate
digestion are all monosaccharides and are
absorbed into portal blood.
DIGESTION OF PROTEIN
FATHIYAH BT MUHAMAD JUFRI
D11A0006
PROTEIN DIGESTION
• No protein digestion in stomach BUT take place in stomach
and small intestine
• The lining of stomach contain glands
fx-to secrete gastric juice contain digestive enzymes,HCL
and mucus
• Enzymes responsible for splitting proteins called proteolytic
enzymes.Proteolytic enzymes fall under endopeptidases
and exopeptidases
• The most familiar---pepsin,trypsin,chymotrypsin,aminopeptidase,carboxypept
idase,tripeptidase and dipeptidase
(highly specific,act deiffrently on certain
substances,different optimal reaction)
ENDOPEPTIDASES
• Endopeptidases (proteinases) responsible for
breaking specific peptide bonds within protein
• Pepsin is secreted in gastric juice as inactive
precursor called pepsinogen.
 work best in acidic medium compare in alkali and
neutral medium
 Pepsin break the peptide bond,it cleaves protein
into small polypeptides
• Pepsin like rennin(coagulating of milk)convert
caseinogen to casein which form insoluble
complex with calcium
• Trypsin is secreted by pancreas inactive precursor
called trypsinogen.
– Trypsinogen activated by enterokinase secreted by
intestinal mucosa
– Trypsin break peptide bonds of polypeptides into smaller
polypeptides
• Chymotrypsin is secreted from pancreas inactive form
called chymotrypsinogen.
- chymotrypsinogen is activated by trypsin
 Endopeptidases hydrolyze large protein molecules to
smaller peptides and further broken down to smaller
peptides by exopeptidases
EXOPEPTIDASES
• Exopeptidases (peptidases) responsible for
removal of terminal amino acids
• Carboxypeptidases which secreted as precursor
procarboxypeptidases activated by trypsin
-remove carboxyl terminal of amino acid
• Aminopeptidases remove amino terminal of
amino acid
• Both enzyme do not act on dipeptides.
DIGESTION OF FAT
AMIRAH NU’AIMI D11A004
•
Enzyme needed for the breakdown of fat = LIPASE
•
Lipase secreted by the pancreas will digest the fats into small
molecules.
•
Digestion of fat begins at initial segment of SI that is DUODENUM
•
Problem ?
Fat and other lipids do not dissolve in water, instead they tend to
clump together, forming large masses.
•
They need something to overcome this problem which is BILE ;
produced by liver & stored in the gall bladder.
•
Bile helps to prevent the fats from clumping together.
Lipase
With the help
of bile
Fat
Bile consists of molecules that have a dual nature.
Half of it attract to water, while the other attract to
fat. The bile molecules therefore place themselves
in between fat and water. In this way, fat droplets
remain suspended in water rather than merging
together. This process called emulsification.
GENERALLY