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Cell Analogy is
due
today!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Check the Website
●Answer Key’s for:
○Organic Molecules
○Guided Notes
○Don’t forget about the study guide
Reflect and Connect pg 303 #1-3
●1. Draw a series of sketches to illustrate important stages of the cell
cycle and mitosis. Your drawing should include:
○ Include a starting cell with genetic material represented by two pairs
of chromosomes
○ Include a nucleus with the appropriate chromosomes in each of the
cells
○ Indicate with a flowchart or sketches the genetic material is
duplicated (DNA synthesis)
○ Show the cells formed as a result
Cell wall
Chromosome
pairs
Nucleus
Reflect and Connect pg 303 #1-3
DNA
Replication
Parent Cell
daughter
Cell
Reflect and Connect pg 303 #1-3
●2. Why is it important that DNA (chromosomes)
duplicates before mitosis?
All cells within an organism contain the same genetic information.
The genetic materials must duplicate for both of the daughter cells to
contain the same genetic information as the parent cell
●3. Describe why cell division is an important process
for all organisms?
Cell division is important for:
• replicating old worn out cells
• is needed for the growth of plants and animals and
• Is needed to produce specialized cells for plants/animals
Define Diffusion
The movement of molecules from a
area in which they are highly
concentrated to a area in which they
are less concentrated.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZKBeEvmqzI
Example of Diffusion.
Concentration Gradient
○The concentrations of molecules at various
points separate high concentrations from low
create a boundary called a concentration
gradient.
Low Concentration
High Concentration
Concentration Gradient
There is a concentration gradient because of the differences
in concentration
Down or Up Gradient?
• Down a concentration gradient
• HIGH concentrated to LOW concentrated
• Happens automatically without any energy
added
• Sound familiar? (Diffusion)
• Up a concentration gradient
• LOW to HIGH concentration
• Requires energy
Diffusion and Cells
Diffusion: nutrients and materials through
the cell
http://www.mrcorfe.com/KS4/Edexcel/Biology/B2-1-LivingCells/images/DiffusionCell.jpg
Define Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a
selectively permeable membrane.
http://trendliest.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/1b442cec-5d9e-4d51-89ff7b3e0ab55e9a_450.jpg
Osmosis in Cells
●Affects the size and shape of cells, by the
amount of water/solutes across the membrane.
●Gain/loss "pressure" like miniature balloons.
●Solute: dissolved substance: a substance
dissolved in another substance
●Hypertonic: kids are hyper kick them out
●Hypotonic: “hypo” prefix means under
●Isotonic: “iso” prefix means equal
Osmosis in Cells
●Hypertonic
concentration of solutes
is greater outside the
cell than inside
●Hypotonic:
Concentration of solutes
is greater inside the cell
than outside
●Isotonic:
Concentration is equal
http://legacy.hopkinsville.kctcs.edu/sitecore/instructors/Jason-Arnold/VLI/Module%202/m2cellfunctionandenergetics/f513_osmosis_in_animal_c.jpg
Define Selectively Permeable
Membrane
●A membrane that allows only certain
materials to cross it
●Materials pass through pores in the
membrane
Why Are Osmosis & Diffusion
Important?
●All living things have certain requirements
they must satisfy in order to remain alive
○exchanging gases (usually CO2 and O2)
○taking in water, minerals, and food,
○eliminating wastes.
●These tasks happen at the cellular level.
●Molecules move through the cell
membrane by diffusion
Active versus Passive Transport
• Are biological processes that move oxygen,
water, and nutrients into cells and remove
waste products.
Active versus Passive Transport
Active versus Passive Transport
Passive transport:
Active transport:
• Moves molecules from • Requires ENERGY
areas of HIGH
because it is the
concentration to areas of
movement of molecules
LOW concentration; so
from areas of LOW
it DOES NOT require
concentration to areas of
energy.
HIGH concentration.
• Diffusion
• Uses Protein synthesis
to aid
• Osmosis
• Facilitated Diffusion
Active versus Passive Transport
Glucose
•
Cannot move easily because it is large. But can pass through
with Passive Transport with the facilitated diffusion
Water
•
Can move easily because it is small. Uses Osmosis, which is
Passive Transport
Oxygen
•
Can move easily because it is small and moves through
diffusion (Passive Transport)
Sodium
•
Use Active Transport, requiring Energy to move against
the concentration gradient as well as with it
Cell Cycle
Why must cells divide in order to grow? Why
is this so important?
○to reach maximum efficiency for molecular transport,
and maintain the functions of the cell.
○limits to how large a cell can become, so when those
limits are reached the cells divide.
○replace old cells that are worn down or damaged
○differentiation in multicellular organisms to become
different in appearance and function
Mitosis
●Is the
precise
distribution
of DNA to
daughter
cells
○IPMAT
Differentiation
●Differentiation:
○new cells specialize and become different in appearance
and function from their parent cells.
○become specialized according to a genetically
determined plan
○Occurs as a result of a combination of signals that cause
different cells to activate different portions of their genetic
information
○Differences in how cells look & behave reflect differences
in how they use the genetic information they have
Mitosis: Interphase
●Interphase:
○Long and active
cycle
○DNA and
chromosomes
are duplicated in
the nucleus
○Mitochondria are
made in the
cytoplasm
○Cell grows
Mitosis: Prophase
●Prophase:
○ Chromosomes coil &
shorten.
○ Each Chromosome
appears as a double
structure joined at
the centromere
○ Centrioles move to
opposite ends of the
cell (except in plants,
there are no
centrioles, but these
events still occur as
described here)
Mitosis: Metaphase
Metaphase:
●Doubled
chromosomes
line up
●Cytoplasmic
fibers are now
attached to each
doubled
chromosome at
the centromere
Mitosis: Anaphase
Anaphase:
●Doubled
chromosomes
separate
●New
chromosomes are
pushed and pulled
to the opposite
ends of the cell by
the cytoplasmic
fibers
Mitosis: Telophase
Telophase:
●Chromosomes approach
the ends and group
together
●New nuclear membrane
●Cytoplasm divides
●New cell membrane
forms (cell wall laid
between new cells in
plants)
●The new cells enter
interphase
How is the DNA of a parent cell and daughter
cell related in mitosis?
●There is absolutely no difference in DNA between the
parent cell and daughter cell in mitosis. During mitosis, the
DNA is copied exactly and transferred, so the DNA is
exactly the same in both cells.