CHAPTER 5

LAYERS OR GROUPS OF SIMILAR CELLS WITH A
COMMON FUNCTION
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

TIGHT
DESMOSOME
GAP JUNCTION
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Cellular_tight_junctio
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Desmosome_cell_junction_pl.svg/556px-Desmosome_cell_junction_pl.svg.png
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/gap%20junctions10
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
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EPITHELIAL
CONNECTIVE
MUSCLE
NERVOUS
•COVERINGS;
ALWAYS HAS A FREE
SURFACE
•CONTAINS BASEMENT MEMBRANE
•LACK BLOOD VESSELS: DIFFUSION
•READILY DIVIDE
•TIGHTLY PACKED
•TIGHT JUNCTIONS/ DESMOSOMES

FUNCTION:
◦
◦
◦
◦
PROTECTION
SECRETION
ABSORPTION
EXCRETION

SHAPE
◦ SQUAMOUS
◦ CUBOIDAL
◦ COLUMNAR

LAYERS
◦ SIMPLE
◦ STRATIFIED
http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/cm1504/15lab42006/lb4pg5_files/imag
http://www.ichristianschool.org/images/epicells2.jpg

MOLECULES PASS THROUGH EASILY
 DIFFUSION/FILTRATION

EASILY DAMAGED
http://capital2.capital.edu/faculty/kromsted/histology/images/epithelial/lung%20simple%20squam

LINES FOLLICLES AND TUBULES: MORE
STRUCTURE
http://classes.midlandstech.com/carterp/Courses/bsr/210_gallery/images/17_Simple_Cuboidal_Epithelial_Tissu
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

MAY BE CILIATED
MORE PROTECTION
ABSORPTION &
SECRETION
http://classes.midlandstech.com/carterp/Courses/bsr/210_gallery/images/21_Simple_Columnar_Epithelial_T
•NUCLEI AT 2 LEVELS
•CILIA COMMON
•GOBLET CELLS
•RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
http://classes.midlandstech.com/carterp/Courses/bsr/210_gallery/pages/23_Pseudostratified_Columnar_Epithelial_Tissue.htm
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

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SHAPE OF TOP LAYER
PROTECTION
PREVENT H2O LOSS
SKIN, ORAL CAVITY
http://a-s.clayton.edu/biology/biol1151L/lab03/new_images/stratsquam_
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

USUALLY 2 OR 3 LAYERS
MORE PROTECTION/
STRUCTURE
GLAND TUBES, TUBULES
http://www.stegen.k12.mo.us/tchrpges/sghs/ksulkowski/images/sim
plecub.jpg



2 OR 3 LAYERS
MORE PROTECTION/ STRUCTURE
MALE URETHRA, PHARYNX
http://www.stegen.k12.mo.us/tchrpges/sghs/ksulkowski/images/24_Pseudostratified_Columnar_Epithelial_T
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SPECIALIZED CELLS OF SECRETION
WITH CUBOIDAL OR COLUMNAR
GLAND: ONE OR MORE CELLS
TYPES OF GLANDS
◦ EXOCRINE
◦ ENDOCRINE


SINGLE CELL GLAND
MULTICELLULAR GLAND
http://www.technion.ac.il/~mdcourse/274203/slides/Epithelium/10-Goblet%20Cells.jpg
•MEROCRINE:
FLUID RELEASED
•APOCRINE: SMALL PORTIONS OF
CELL BODIES
•HOLOCRINE: ENTIRE CELL RELEASED
http://www.jrank.org/health/article_images/www.jrank.org_health/secret
http://media.wiley.com/Lux/72/21772.nfg003.jpg


SEROUS: WATERY
MUCUS: THICK, MUCIN; BY MUCOUS GLANDS
AND GOBLET CELLS
http://www.images.missionforvisionusa.org/anatomy/uploaded_images/Conju
nctivaEMnormalGoblet-734277.jpg
GOBLET CELL
http://www.udel.edu/biology/Wags/histopage/colorpage/co/cosgma.GIF
MUCOUS GLAND



MOST ABUNDANT BY WEIGHT
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; CELLS SPREAD
FUNCTION:
◦ BIND STRUCTURES, SUPPORT, PROTECTION,
FRAMEWORK, FILL SPACE, STORE FAT, PRODUCE
BLOOD CELLS, PREVENT INFECTIONS, REPAIR
DAMAGE


GROUND SUBSTANCE
PROTEIN FIBERS
◦ COLLAGENOUS FIBERS; COLLAGEN; TENSILE
STRENGTH
◦ ELASTIC FIBERS; ELASTIN; WEAKER , ELASTIC,
RESUME ORIGINAL SHAPE
◦ RETICULAR FIBERS; THIN COLLAGENOUS FIBERS;
BRANCHED, FORM NETWORKS

FIXED CELLS
◦ FIBROBLASTS
 MOST ABUNDANT, MAKE THE FIBERS,
◦ MAST CELLS
 NEAR BLOOD VESSELS, RELEASE HEPARIN AND
HISTAMINE

WANDERING CELLS
◦ MACROPHAGES
 CAN MOVE, SCAVENGERS AND IMMUNITY, ABUNDANT
IN SOME TISSUE


LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE



DELICATE, THIN MEMBRANES
GEL-LIKE GROUND SUBSTANCE
UNDER MOST EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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ADIPOCYTES
ADIPOSE TISSUE
BENEATH SKIN, FILLS SPACE,
AROUND ORGANS AND
MEMBRANES
CUSHIONS, INSULATION,
STORES ENERGY



THIN COLLAGENOUS FIBERS
3-D NETWORK
IN SOME ORGANS
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MANY PACKED, THICK COLLAGENOUS FIBERSALIGNED
ELASTIC FIBERS- THIN NETWORK
FEW FIBROBLASTS
WITHSTANDS FORCES IN
ONE DIRECTION- LIGAMENTS,
TENDONS
POOR BLOOD SUPPLY
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
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COLLAGENOUS FIBERS ARE THICKER AND
MORE RANDOMLY ARRANGED
WITHSTAND FORCES EXERTED IN MANY
DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS
DERMIS

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
YELLOW ELASTIC FIBERS IN PARALLEL STRAND
OR BRANCHING
SOME COLLAGENOUS FIBERS, AND
FIBROBLASTS
IN HOLLOW ORGAN LAYERS,
BETWEEN BONES OF SPINAL
COLUMN
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RIGID GROUND MATRIX
SUPPORT, FRAMEWORKS,
ATTACHMENTS; PROTECTION;
MODEL FOR BONE GROWTH
CHONDROCYTES IN LACUNAE
PERICHONDRION
NO BLOOD SUPPLY
3 TYPES
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MOST COMMON
FINE COLLAGENOUS FIBERS
‘WHITE GLASS’
BONE ENDS, NOSE, RESPIRATORY
RINGS, EMBRYONIC BONE
BONE GROWTH

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
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MORE FLEXIBLE
DENSE NETWORK OF ELASTIC
FIBERS
EARS, LARYNX

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TOUGH
MANY COLLAGENOUS FIBERS
SHOCK ABSORBER
INTERVERTOBRAL DISKS,
KNEES

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SOLID GROUND MATRIX; COLLAGENOUS
FIBERS
MINERAL SALTS
FRAMEWORK
MOVEMENT: LEVERS
PROTECTION
FORMS BLOOD CELLS
STORES MINERALS: CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS
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OSTEOBLASTS: OSTEOCYTES
LAMALLAE
HAVERSIAN/CENTRAL CANALS
OSTEON
BLOOD SUPPLY: CENTRAL CANAL,
CANALICULI



MATRIX: PLASMA
CELLS: RBC(TRANSPORT O2), WBC(IMMUNITY),
CELL FRAGMENTS: PLATELETS (CLOTTING)
HEMATOPOIETIC TISSUE

EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES:
◦ THIN EPITHELIAL LAYERS AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE

TYPES
◦ SEROUS MEMBRANES:
 CAVITIES WITH NO OPENINGS
 SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL (MESOTHELIUM) &
AREOLAR
 SECRETE SEROUS FLUID: LUBRICATION

MUCOUS MEMBRANES
◦ CAVITIES WITH OPENINGS TO OUTSIDE
◦ EPITHELIUM VARIES; AREOLAR
◦ GOBLET CELLS: MUCUS

CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE
◦ SKIN
◦ INTEGUMANTARY SYSTEM (CHAP 6)

SYNOVIAL
◦ LINES JOINTS (CHAP 8)
◦ SYNOVIAL FLUID: LUBRICATION



CONTRACTILE: PULL ON ATTACHMENTS
ELONGATED CELLS: FIBERS
3 TYPES
◦ SKELETAL
◦ SMOOTH
◦ CARDIAC


USUALLY ATTACH TO BONE
USUALLY UNDER CONSCIOUS CONTROL
◦ VOLUNTARY


LONG: 40mm x 0.1 mm; MULTINUCLEATED
STRIATED: ACTIN AND MYOSIN FILAMENTS




HOLLOW ORGANS
UNCONSCIOUS CONTROL: INVOLUNTARY
SHORTER CELLS; SPINDLE SHAPED; CENTRAL
NUCLEUS
LACKS STRIATIONS




ONLY IN HEART
STRIATED
3-D WITH INTERCALATED DISC; NETWORK
INVOLUNTARY
http://clcpages.clcillinois.edu/home/bio567/pages/newtissues/cardiacmuscle.htm
http://bcrc.bio.umass.edu/histology/files/images/Motic%20Camera%20MC3004.preview.





BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, PERIPHERAL NERVES
NEURONS
PICK UP CHANGES IN ENVIRONMENT
CONNECT BY AXONS TO OTHER NERVES,
MUSCLES OR GLANDS
NEUROGLIAL CELLS
◦ SUPPORT, BIND, PHAGOCYTOSIS, SUPPLY GROWTH
FACTORS, SUPPLY NUTRIENTS, COMMUNICATION
BETWEEN CELLS
http://www.sciencecases.org/split_brain/split_brain.asp
http://www.dmacc.edu/instructors/neuron.h
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=neurosci&part=A

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Know all the pictures of all the tissues
Know the characteristics of all the types of
tissues
Know where you would find the different
epithelial tissues and their functions
Know where you would find the different
connective tissues and their functions
Know where you would find the different
muscle tissue and their functions
Know the types of membranes; where you
find them; functions