6 Kingdoms of Life Part 1:
Archaebacteria, Eubacteria,
Protist, and Fungi
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Characteristics of Living Things
• 5 characteristics of living things
– Made up of cells
– Reproduce
– Based on genetic code
– Metabolism
– Homeostasis
• To be considered living, an object MUST have
ALL 5 characteristics
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• As living things are constantly being
investigated, new attributes are revealed
that affect how organisms are placed in a
standard classification system.
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Classification
• Scientists have determined
seven levels of classification:
– Kingdom = Kings
– Phylum = Pass
– Class = Classes
– Order = to Order
– Family = Families
– Genus = and their Good
– Species = Sons around
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Classification of Modern
Humans
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Kingdom = Animalia
Phylum = Chordata
Class = Mammalia
Order = Primates
Family = Hominidae
Genus = Homo
Species = sapiens
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• The grouping of organisms into
KINGDOMS is based on 3 factors:
– 1. Cell Type
– 2. Cell Number
– 3. Feeding Type
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1st Criterion for Kingdom Divisions: Cell Type
Prokaryotes
or
Eukaryotes
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6 kingdoms
1. Eubacteria
2. Archaebacteria
3.
4.
5.
6.
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
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2nd Criterion for Kingdom Divisions: Cell
Number
•Unicellular- single celled organism –
protozoans, bacteria, some algae
•Multicellular- many celled organism –
cells start to specialize/differentiate
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• Unicellular
• Multicellular
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3rd Criteria for Kingdom Divisions: Feeding
Type
–Autotroph or Producer
Make their own energy source
–Heterotroph or Consumer
Must eat other organisms to survive
Includes decomposers – those that eat dead
matter!
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Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Kingdoms
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Bacteria
Microbiology- the study of very small,
microscopic organisms
–
–
–
–
–
Bacteria
Fungi
Viruses
Protists
Etc.
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Bacteria=Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes
No organelles except
ribosomes
NO NUCLEUS
Eukaryotes
Lots of organelles
INCLUDING NUCLEUS
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Prokaryotic History
• Oldest organisms: 3.5
billion yrs. old.
• Live in almost every
environment.
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Eubacteria
• Kingdom Eubacteria
– Common environments
– Believed to be the
ancestors of
mitochondria and
chloroplasts--organelles in eukaryotic
cells
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Archaebacteria
• Kingdom Archaebacteria
– Found in extreme environments-extremophiles
– Ancient bacteria-gave rise to eukaryotic cells
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Characteristics-Size
• Size
• Red blood cell is 250X’s larger than a bacterium
• 1 gram of soil can contain 2.5 BILLION bacteria
• Relative bacteria size
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Characteristics-Shapes
• Shapes:
– Cocci- round
– Bacilli- rod-shaped
– Spirilla- spiral
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Prokaryotic Structure
• Interior structures
– Has DNA and cytoplasm—
no nucleus or other
membrane bound organelles
EXCEPT ribosomes
– Ribosomes- the protein
making factories of all cells
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Prokaryotic Structure
• Exterior structures
– Flagella-whip-like tail for
locomotion
– Cell membrane to control
what goes in and out
– Cell wall for protection
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2 Types of Cell Walls
• 2 types of cell walls
found in bacteria
– Identified as Gram + or
Gram –
– There’s a chemical
difference b/t them.
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Gram staining
• Special staining
process
• “Gram positive is
purple; Gram
negative is not.”
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2 Types of Cell Walls
•
Gram +
– Thick cell wall
– Holds purple stain,
so cells look purple
•
Gram —Two thin layers
make up cell wall
—Doesn’t hold
purple stain so
appears pink
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2 Types of Cell Walls
• Treatment of illness due to
these bacteria is different!
– Gram - : bacteria that stain pink
and are generally NOT affected
by antibiotics
• i.e. E. coli
– Gram +: bacteria that stain
purple do to a thick cell wall and
are affected by antibiotics
• i.e. S. pneumoniae
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Prokaryotic Reproduction
• Binary fission- process of
asexual reproduction where 1
becomes 2.
– Results in clones
– Colony- 1000’s of bacteria that
result from one undergoing
binary fission
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How are prokaryotes so diverse?
• They have several ways of exchanging genetic info
• Conjugation--exchanging DNA through a straw-like
tube called a pilus
• Transformation—another method of transferring genes
between bacteria.
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Useful Prokaryotes
• Decomposers- Recycle nutrients such as CO2 , water,
nitrogen, and phosphorus
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Useful Prokaryotes
•Nitrogen fixation- soil bacteria
take nitrogen gas from the air
(N2) and change it into a useable
form that plants can absorb
(NH3- ammonia.)
•Plants use the nitrogen to
produce their proteins and DNA.
•Some bacteria are photosynthetic
and also provide oxygen
N2
YUMMY!
Bacteria
NH3
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Useful Prokaryotes
•
•
•
•
Food-- yogurt, olives, pickles, chocolate
Drugs -- insulin production
Clean up oil spills
Animal digestion and vitamins, including
our own
• Microbe Discovery Movie
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•
•
•
•
Harmful Prokaryotes
Pathogen- disease causing organisms.
Pathologists -scientists who study pathogens.
Not many bacteria are pathogenic— ONLY 1%!
Disease Transmission:
a.) Water
b.) Air
c.) Food
d.) Animals/Insects
e.) Human Contact
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Prokaryotic Diseases
•
•
•
•
•
•
Tuberculosis
Syphilis
Bubonic Plague
Typhus
Tetanus
Lyme Disease
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Controlling Prokaryotic Growth
• What do bacteria require to live and reproduce?
- Food, water, and the right climate.
-Give bacteria these things, and they grow;
remove them and they don’t.
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Nutrition and Energy
• How do bacteria “eat”?
– 1.) Autotrophic- “self-feeders”
• Photosynthetic- MAKE energy source and
release oxygen
• Can also be chemosynthetic
– 2.) Heterotrophic- “other-feeders”
• GET energy source outside themselves
– Consumers
– Decomposers
– Parasites
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Feeding Prokaryotes in the Lab
• Plastic Petri dishes have a Jell-O like substance called
AGAR with nutrients and water for bacteria to grow
on.
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GROWTH CURVE
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Controlling Prokaryotic Growth
• Antibiotics
• Sanitizing--Antiseptics and
Disinfectants
• Freezing
• Cooking
• Pasteurizing
• Dehydrating
• Vaccination
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Antibiotics
• Alexander Fleming
• Mold on his Petri dish had a zone of inhibitionarea in which bacteria didn’t grow.
• Mold released the antibiotic
penicillin
BACTERIA
• Antibiotic=against life; any
substance produced by a
microbe that slows the
MOLD
growth of other microorganisms.
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Antibiotics
• Antibiotics are made by :
– Fungus (mold)
– Other bacteria, the most
common Streptomyces.
– Present day antibiotics are
synthetic modifications of
naturally occurring ones.
• Work well on Gram + bacteria
• NOT the same thing as aspirin
or tylenol, which are pain
killers
BACTERIA
Each paper disk has antibiotics
39 on it.
Which antibiotic is more powerful?
Antibiotic Resistance
• Antibiotic resistance- some bacteria
are not affected by certain antibiotics!
• Can be resistant due to:
– Special cell walls (i.e. Gram – bacteria)
OR
– Special antibiotic resistant genes
• Don’t finish antibiotics:
– Weaker bacteria destroyed.
– **Resistant bacteria still live and pass on
resistant genes through binary fission,
conjugation and transformation
– Conjugation animation
Movie
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Sanitizing
• Antiseptics- chemicals used to inhibit growth of
bacteria on living tissues
• Disinfectants- chemicals used to inhibit growth of
bacteria on NON-living things.
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Freezing
• How would this
control the growth
of bacteria?
• Would freezing
kill all the bacteria?
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Cooking
• Cooking can control bacterial
growth and kill most bacteria if
heated to certain temps—165F
or hotter.
• Use a meat thermometer
• Wash hands after handling raw
meat
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Pasteurizing
• Pasteurization- using heat to kill bacteria in
liquids.
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Dehydrating
• Dehydration- removal of water from a substance
• How would this control the growth of bacteria?
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Vaccination
• Vaccination- a shot, pill, or mist that prevents you
from getting a disease. DOES NOT CURE YOU.
• Fast and strong immune system memory cells
produced which provides immunity just like if you
got the disease (i.e. tetanus.)
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Vaccination
• Can use weakened (attenuated) bacteria or viruses
• MOSTLY use parts of bacteria or viruses—acellular
• Vaccine video
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BACTERIA KINGDOMS
PROKARYOTIC
UNICELLULAR
HETEROTROPHS AND AUTOTROPHS
ARCHAEBACTERIA
OLDEST
FORM
OF LIFE
LIVES IN EXTREME
ENVIRONMENTS
EUBACTERIA
3.5 BILLION
YEAR OLD
ANCESTORS
MORE
RECENTLY
EVOLVED
LIVES IN MORE
COMMON
ENVIRONMENTS
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Protist Kingdom
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Kingdom Protista
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Protists, what are they?
• Protists are defined by what they are
NOT…
– Eukaryotes that are not plants,
animals, or fungi
• 1st eukaryotic organisms
• Autotrophic or heterotrophic
• Asexual or sexual reproduction
• Most are unicellular (algae exception)
• Many are aquatic
• “Junk drawer kingdom”
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Protists and the Evolutionary Tree
We are going to take a look at some phyla within the Protist
Kingdom
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Animal-like Protists
• Unicellular
• Heterotrophic organisms
• Animal like protists are distinguished by how they
move:
1) Sarcodines—move with pseudopods
2) Ciliates—move with cilia
3) Zooflagellates—move with flagella
4) Sporozoans—immobile
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Sarcodines
• Animal-like protists that use pseudopods for feeding
and moving
• Pseudopods-extensions of cytoplasm
• Ex) Amoeba
FOOD
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Amoeba microscope footage
Sarcodines
• Ameobic dysentery
• Montezuma’s
revenge or “traveler’s
diarrhea”
Ameoba histolytica
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Ciliates
• Animal-like protists that use cilia for feeding and
movement
• Cilia-hair-like structures
• Ex) Paramecium
Paramecium microscope footage
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Zooflagellates
• Animal-like protists swim
using flagella
• Trypanosoma protist spread
by the bite of tsetse fly
causes African Sleeping
Sickness
• Giardia can contaminate
water and cause digestive
problems
• Trichonympha lives in
mutualistic relationship with
termites
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Sporozoans
• Animal-like protists that don’t move on their own and
are parasitic
• Plasmodium sporozoan causes malaria
• Sporozoan parasite is carried by female Anopheles
mosquito
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Plasmodium Life Cycle
• Mosquito bites human and
parasite injected
• Parasites invade liver,
reproduce, and develop
• Liver cells burst and parasites
move to red blood cells
• RBC burst-person experiences
anemia, fever, chills, may
result in death
• Parasites may then move into other
RBC or are picked up by mosquito
and transferred to another person
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Plantlike Protists
• Autotrophs- contain chlorophyll and carry out
photosynthesis
• Euglenophytes
• Diatoms
• Algae
• Often called “phytoplankton”- small
photosynthetic organisms near the surface of
ocean
• Releases tons of oxygen into the atmosphere
• Important food source for many “filter feeders”
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Euglenophytes
• Plant-like protists that have flagella and chloroplast,
but no cell wall.
• Ex) Euglena
• Autotrophs when sunny but heterotrophs when not
Euglena microscope footage
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Diatoms
• Plant-like protists that produce thin, delicate cell
walls made of silicon
• Used in toothpaste, paints on license plates,
dynamite
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Algae
• Plant-like protists
– Unicellular algae
– Multicellular algae
• Red and brown algae
• Contains special
pigments that allows it
to live deep areas of
water
• Commonly called
“seaweed” (ex: Kelp)
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Plantlike Protists: Algae
• Green Algae- some are unicellular, some form
colonies, few are multicellular
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Humans and Algae
• Humans understand many beneficial uses of algae:
1) Used to make nutrient agar
2) Used as ingredient in ice cream, pudding, salad
dressing, syrups
3) Food source – humans and other animals
4) Releases oxygen from photosynthesis
• Algae causes harm in “algal blooms” – depletes water
of nutrients and oxygen
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Fungus-like Protists
• Decomposers
• Heterotrophic protists that
absorb nutrients, but lack cell
walls with chitin
– Slime molds- found near
moist, rotting logs and
composts
– Slime mold video
– Water molds – can be parasitic
and cause “ick” in fish
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PROTIST KINGDOM
EUKARYOTIC
UNICELLULAR AND MULTICELLULAR
HETEROTROPHS AND AUTOTROPHS
PLANT-LIKE
AUTOTROPHIC SO
CREATE OWN
ENERGY SOURCE
ANIMAL-LIKE
FUNGUS-LIKE
HETEROTROPHIC SO HAVE TO
CONSUME ENERGY SOURCE,
BUT ARE UNICELLULAR,
UNLIKE ANIMALS
HETEROTROPHIC
DECOMPOSERS THAT
HAVE TO CONSUME
ENERGY SOURCE
EXAMPLES:
EXAMPLES:
EXAMPLES:
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Fungi Kingdom
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Fungi
Unicellular
(yeast)
Multicellular
• All fungi are
eukaryotic
• They may be
unicellular or
multicellular (most)
yeast
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Fungi Characteristics
• Most are immobile
• All have cell walls made of “chitin”- a carbohydrate
which also makes up the exoskeleton of insects
CHITIN!
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Fungal Structure
• Fungi are made of thin strands called hyphae
• Each strand consists of cells separated by a wall called a
septa
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Fungal Structure (cont.)
• As hyphae grow, they
form a tangled mass
called a mycelium
• The mycelium is usually
underground or
embedded in some food
source
• The main function of
mycelium is to absorb
food
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Nutritional Status of Fungi
• Heterotrophs because they feed off non-living,
organic matter
• All fungi must absorb food outside the body
– Animals = ingest then digest
– Fungi = digest then ingest.
– Enzymes break down food outside of body (use
“exoenzymes”).
• Important decomposers in the ecosystem
• Along with bacteria, fungi are important in recycling
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nutrients such as carbon and nitrogen
Fungal Reproduction
• The part of the fungus that we
see above ground is called the
fruiting body
• The fruiting body is the main
reproductive part of the fungus
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Fungal Reproduction
• Fungi reproduce asexually and sexually.
• Asexual reproduction can be done by…
a. Hyphae breaking off and growing on their own.
b. Producing spores.
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Fungal Reproduction
• Fungal spores are found in almost any environment.
• Wind  blows spores  land in “favorable” spot  new
fungus.
• Some fungi attract animals to aid in spore dispersal. Ex.)
Stinkhorn fungus
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Fungal Reproduction
• Sexual reproduction
involves two different
mating types
• No males or females,
instead they are known as
“+” plus or “-” minus.
• When hyphae from two
different mating types come
together, they fuse together
forming a diploid zygote.
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Groups of Fungi
• The main phyla of fungi are divided according to
how they sexually produce spores
– 1.) Zygomycetes
– 2.) Ascomycetes
– 3.) Basidiomycetes
– 4.) Deuteromycetes
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Zygomycetes
• Ex.) Bread mold
• Some of the hyphae form a zygosporangium which
produces spores
• Spores can be carried by wind
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Ascomycetes (sac fungi)
• Ex.) Yeast and mildew
• Form spores in saclike structures called asci
• Each ascus bursts open shooting spores into the air
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Basidiomycetes (club fungi)
• Ex.) Mushrooms, toadstools, bracket fungi
• Spores form under the caps of mushrooms on
structures called basidia
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Deuteromycetes
• Ex.) Penicillin, many
disease causing fungi.
• These fungi do not
reproduce sexually.
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Helpful Fungi
Penicillin
• Fungi can be very helpful
and delicious
• Many antibacterial drugs are
derived from fungi
• Fungi accounts for the blue
vein in blue cheese!
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Harmful Fungi
• Fungi also causes a number of plant and animal
diseases:
•Athlete's Foot
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Harmful Fungi
• Ringworm
• Fungi on discoveryed
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FUNGUS KINGDOM
EUKARYOTIC
MULTICELLULAR
HETEROTROPHS
ZYGOMYCETES
ASCOMYCETES
FORMS
ZYGOSPORANGIUM
WHICH FORMS
SPORES
FORMS SACS
CALLED ASCI
THAT FORMS
SPORES
EXAMPLES:
DEUTEROMYCETES
BASIDIOMYCETES
NO
SPORES
SPORES
FORM ON
BASIDIA
EXAMPLES:
EXAMPLES:
EXAMPLES:
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