2nd Workshop on Ion Beam Instrumentation
LULI, Paris, June 7th – 8th, 2012
Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI)
2006 – ELI on ESFRI Roadmap
ELI-PP 2007-2010 (FP7)
ELI - Beamlines (Czech Republic)
ELI - Attoseconds (Hungary)
ELI - Nuclear Physics (Romania)
Project Approved by the European
Competitiveness Council (December 2009)
ELI-DC (Delivery Consortium): April 2010
2
February-April 2010
Scientific case “White Book” (100 scientists, 30 institutions) (www.eli-np.ro)
approved by ELI-NP International Scientific Advisory Board
 August 2010
Feasibility Study
 December 2010 – Romanian Government:
ELI-NP priority project
 August 2011 – March 2012
Technical Design
 January 2012
Submission of the application for funding
 March 2012
Detailed technical design of the buildings.

3
Bucharest-Magurele Physics Campus
National Physics Institutes
BUCHAREST
ring rail/road
ELI-NP
Lasers
Plasma
Optoelectronics
Material Physics
Theoretical Physics
Particle Physics
NUCLEAR
Tandem acc.
Cyclotron
γ – Irradiator
Adv. Detectors
Life & Env.
Radioisotopes
Reactor
(decomm.)
Waste Proc.
Large equipments:

Ultra-short pulse high power laser system, 2 x 10PW
maximum power, ultrashort pulses (300J, 30fs)

Gamma radiation beam, high intensity and collimation,
tunable energy up to 20MeV, bandwidth 10-3
Buildings – special requirements, 33000sqm total
Experiments

8 experimental areas, for gamma, laser, and gamma+laser
5
ELI-NP Facility Concept
High rep-rate
laser experiments
0.1 – 1 PW
Oscillators
+OPCPA preamps
1PW block
Apollon-type
Ti:Sapph
Flashlamp based
multi-PW block
Apollon-type
Flashlamp based
400mJ/ 10Hz/ <20fs
30J/ 0.1Hz/ <30fs
300J/ 0.01Hz/ <30fs
Oscillators
+ OPCPA preamps
1PW block
Apollon-type
Ti:Sapph
Flashlamp based
multi-PW block
Apollon-type
Flashlamp based
Laser
DPSSL 10J/>100Hz
Gamma beam
Compton based
0.1 – 20MeV
e- accelerator
Warm linac
Multi-PW
experiments
Combined lasergamma
experiments
Gamma/eexperiments
6
ELI-NP
Main buildings

Lasers

Gamma and experiments

Laboratories

Unique architecture




Nuclear Physics experiments to characterize laser – target interaction
Photonuclear reactions
Exotic Nuclear Physics and astrophysics
complementary to other NP large facilities (FAIR, SPIRAL2)
Applications based on high intensity laser and very brilliant γ beams
complementary to the other ELI pillars
ELI-NP in Romania
in ‘Nuclear Physics Long Range Plan in Europe’ as a major facility
8
Advances in lasers science
Gerard Mourou, 1985: Chirped Pulse Amplification (CPA)
9
Particle acceleration by laser
(Tajima, Dawson 1979)
Target normal sheats acceleration (TNSA)
Wake – field acceleration
v

FBz  q  B
c
 E
+
s
Secondary
target
-
1) v  B pushes the electrons;
2)
The charge separation generates an
electrostatic longitudinal field:
(Wake Fields or Snow Plough)
cmo p
2
E s
 4moc ne
e
3)
The electrostatic field:
E s  EL
E~Ilaser1/2
-> secondary radiations
Radiation pressure acceleration (RPA)
E~ I laser
Electrons and ions
accelerated at solid state
densities 1024 cm-3
10
Electrons
Laser intensity ~ 1019 W/cm2

Collimated beams were
obtained, even of the size of the
incident laser beam

The energies up to hundreds of
MeV at high-power lasers
(VULCAN, etc.)

Intensities may go up to 1012
particles/laser pulse
Esarey, Schroeder, and Leemans
Rev. Mod. Phys., Vol. 81, No. 3, 2009
11
Protons, heavy ions
Heavy ion beams at LULI (France)
Laser pulses:
30 J, 300 fs, 1.05 μm => 5x1019 W/cm2.
Target: 1 μm C
on rear side of 50 μm W foils
Detection: Thomson parabola spectrometers
+ CR-39 track detectors
• Protons come from surface contamination
• Heating the target the protons are removed and
heavy ions are better accelerated
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Proton acceleration
• Maximum energy scales with laser beam intensity approximately as I0.5
• TNSA at work at intensities of 1019 – 1021 W/cm2
T. Lin et al., 2004, Univ. of Nebraska Digital Commons
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Proton acceleration
• Plateau of proton energy with increasing foil thickness
• Graphs show results for multi-TW-class lasers
LLNL 100fs, 1020W/cm2 (2001)
T. Lin et al., 2004, Univ. of Nebraska Digital Commons
Hercules laser, Michigan, 3x1020W/cm2, 30fs
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Ion beam acceleration
• Dependence of maximum energy function of
the ion species
• Graphs show results for multi-TW-class lasers
Mylar target irradiated with a
1019W/cm2 laser pulse
Vulcan 50TW, Appleton Lab,
2x1019W/cm2, thick lead target
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E  n  2 
2
e
1  cos 
1   e 
2
4 E
 a02  e 2 0
mc
e
 E0
4 e E0
n  harmonic number ;
 recoil parameter;
2
mc


eE
a0 
;
m0
E0  0
Compton backscattering is the most efficient « frequency amplifier »
wdiff=4ge2wlaser
Ee=300 MeV and optical laser <=> ge~ 600
=> Eg > 3 MeV
but very weak cross section: 6.6524 10-25 cm2
Therefore for a powerful γ beam, one needs:
- high intensity electron beams
- very brilliant optical photon beams
- very small collision volume
- very high repetition frequency
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Absorption

Separation
threshold
´

gs
AX
´
A´Y

Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence (NRF)
Photoactivation
Photodisintegration (-activation)
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Particle beams


E1: laser-induced nuclear reactions – multi-PW laser experiments
•
protons E < 3GeV, I > 1011/pulse, div 40°, FWHM 300MeV
•
electrons up to 1.5GeV, I ~ 1011/pulse, div 40°, FWHM 150MeV
E6: Intense electron and gamma beams induced by high power laser:
•

electrons E < 40GeV, I < 1011/pulse, div 1°, FWHM 1MeV
E4/E5: Accelerated particle beams induced by high power laser beams (0,1/1 PW) at high
repetition rates (10/1Hz):
•
•
•
Protons 100MeV, I ~ 1011 – 1013 / pulse, div 40°, FWHM 10MeV
e- 50MeV-5GeV, I < 4*1010/pulse, div 1°-40°
Thermal electrons, I ~
107
E5
E6
E1
/ pulse, div < 3°
E8
E7
E3
E4
E2
Secondary particles

Additionally, in E7 (Experiments with combined laser and gamma beams) and E8 (Nuclear
reactions induced by high energy gamma beams), secondary particles will be created

Low intensities

Photodisintegration, photo-fission (E8)

Laser focused in vacuum (E7)

Laser-accelerated particles (E1, E6, E4, E5)

Background may pose problems to particle detection
E5
E6
E8
E1
E7
E3
E4
E2
Stand-alone High Power Laser Experiments

Nuclear Techniques for Characterization of Laser-Induced Radiations

Modelling of High-Intensity Laser Interaction with Matter

Stopping Power of Charged Particles Bunches with Ultra-High Density

Laser Acceleration of very dense Electrons, Protons and Heavy Ions Beams

Laser-Accelerated Th Beam to produce Neutron-Rich Nuclei around the N =
126 Waiting Point of the r-Process via the Fission-Fusion Reaction

A Relativistic Ultra-thin Electron Sheet used as a Relativistic Mirror for the
Production of Brilliant, Intense Coherent γ-Rays

Studies of enhanced decay of 26Al in hot plasma environments
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Laser + γ /e− Beam

Probing the Pair Creation from the Vacuum in the Focus of Strong Electrical Fields
with a High Energy γ Beam

The Real Part of the Index of Refraction of the Vacuum in High Fields: Vacuum
Birefringence

Cascades of e+e− Pairs and γ -Rays triggered by a Single Slow Electron in Strong
Fields

Compton Scattering and Radiation Reaction of a Single Electron at High Intensities

Nuclear Lifetime Measurements by Streaking Conversion Electrons with a Laser
Field.
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Standalone γ /e experiments for nuclear spectroscopy and
astrophysics

Measuring Narrow Doorway States, embedded in Regions of High Level Density in the
First Nuclear Minimum, which are identified by specific (γ, f), (γ, p), (γ, n) Reactions

Study of pygmy and giant dipole resonances

Gamma scattering on nuclei

Fine-structure of Photo-response above the Particle Threshold: the (γ ,α), (γ,p) and (γ ,n)

Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence on Rare Isotopes and Isomers

Neutron Capture Cross Section of s-Process Branching Nuclei with Inverse Reactions

Measurements of (γ, p) and (γ, α) Reaction Cross Sections for p-Process
Nucleosynthesis
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Applications

Laser produced charged particle beams may become an attractive
alternative for large scale conventional facilities

Laser-driven betatron radiation - gamma beams

High Resolution, high Intensity X-Ray Beam

Intense Brilliant Positron-Source: 107e+/[s(mm mrad)2 0.1%BW]

Radioscopy and Tomography

Materials research in high intensity radiation fields

Applications of Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence
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Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence
Applications
• Management of Sensitive Nuclear Materials and Radioactive waste
- isotope-specific identification
238U/235U
,
239Pu,
- scan containers for nuclear material and explosives
• Burn-up of nuclear fuel rods
- fuel elements are frequently changed in position to obtain a
homogeneous burn-up
- measuring the final 235U, 238U content may allow to use fuel elements
20% longer
- more nuclear energy without additional radioactive waste
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Radioisotopes for medical use
• Ageing nuclear reactors that currently produce medical radioisotopes, growing demand
– shortages very likely in the future
• New approaches and methods for producing radioisotopes urgently needed
• Feasibility of producing a viable and reliable source of photo fission / photo nuclearinduced Mo-99 and other medical isotopes used globally for diagnostic medical imaging
and radiotherapy is sought
• Producing of medical radioisotopes via the (γ, n) reactions
e.g. 100Mo(γ, n) 99Mo
•
195mPt:
In chemotherapy of tumors it can be used to label platinum cytotoxic compounds
for pharmacokinetic studies in order to exclude ”nonresponding” patients from
unnecessary chemotherapy and optimizing the dose of all chemotherapy
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Materials Science and Engineering
• Due to the extreme fields intensity provided by the combination of laser and gamma-ray
beams, novel experimental studies of material behavior can be devised
• to understand, at the atomic scale, the behavior of materials subject to extreme radiation
doses and mechanical stress in order to synthesize new materials that can tolerate such
conditions
• Extremely BRIlliant Neutron-Source produced via the (γ ,n) Reaction without Moderation
• The structure and sometimes dynamics investigations by thermal neutrons scattering are
among the obligatory requirements in production of the new materials
• An Intense BRIlliant Positron-Source produced via the (γ, e+e−) Reaction (BRIP) –
polarized positron beam – microscopy
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Astrophysics – related studies
• Production of heavy elements in the Universe – a central question for Astrophysics
• Neutron Capture Cross Section of s-Process Branching Nuclei with Inverse Reactions
• the single studies on long-lived branching points (e.g. 147Pm, 151Sm, 155Eu) showed that the
recommended values of neutron capture cross sections in the models differ by up to 50% from the
experimentally determined values
• the inverse (γ,n) reaction could be used to decide for the most suitable parameter set and to
predict a more reliable neutron capture cross section using these input values
• Measurements of (γ, p) and (γ, α) Reaction Cross Sections for p-Process Nucleosynthesis
• determination of the reaction rates by an absolute cross section measurement is possible using
monoenergetic photon beams produced at ELI-NP
• tremendous advance to measure these rates directly
• broad database of reactions – high intense γ beam needed
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ELI-NP Timeline
• June 2012: Launch of large tender procedures
• September 2012 – September 2014: Construction of buildings
• 2014: TDRs for experiments ready
• July 2015: Lasers and Gamma Beam – end of Phase 1
• December 2016 : Lasers and Gamma beam Phase 2
• January 2017: Beginning of operation
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www.eli-np.ro
Thank you!
RPA in DLC foils
Experiment
Theory
2D PIC simulations
33
 aim: determination of transition strengths: need absolute values for ground
state transition width
 NRF-experiments give product with branching ratio:
 assumption:
 no transition in low-lying states observed
 but: many small branchings in other states?
 self-absorption: measurement of absolute ground state transition widths
34
Norbert Pietralla, TU Darmstadt
ELI Workshop