LRP2010 - WG5
Fundamental Interactions
Town Meeting
Madrid, June 1 - 3, 2010
Nathal Severijns
(K.U.Leuven)
for WG5
4/7/2015
WG5 - N. Severijns - Town Meeting, Madrid, May 31 - June 2, 2010
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WG5 members
R. Calabrese (Italy)
G. Drexlin (Germany)
D. Horvath (Hungary)
K. Kirch (Switzerland)
K. Pachucki (Poland)
F. Piquemal (France)
S. Schoenert (Germany)
N. Severijns (Belgium)
R. Timmermans (The Netherlands)
C. Volpe (France)
C. Weinheimer (Germany)
O. Zimmer (France)
K. Jungmann (The Netherlands)
E. Widmann (Austria)
thanks to colleagues who contributed as non-WG5 member
4/7/2015
WG5 - N. Severijns - Town Meeting, Madrid, May 31 - June 2, 2010
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4/7/2015
WG5 - N. Severijns - Town Meeting,
Madrid, May 31 - June 2, 2010
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Key questions
- Which fundamental symmetries are conserved in nature?
- What is the origin of the matter dominance in the universe?
- Are there new sources of CP violation?
- What are the properties of antimatter?
- What are the properties of the neutrino?
- Are there other forces than the four known ones?
- Are there new particles and what is their role in the universe?
- What are the precise values of the fundamental constants?
4/7/2015
WG5 - N. Severijns - Town Meeting, Madrid, May 31 - June 2, 2010
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Key issues
1. Fundamental Fermions
-
Neutrino oscillations and the neutrino mixing matrix
Neutrino masses (direct measurements and double beta decay exps.)
Quark mixing matrix and unitarity
New (time reversal invariant) interactions in nuclear and muon β-decays
2. Discrete symmetries
- Parity violation
- Time reversal and CP violation in the quark sector (e.g. EDM’s)
- CPT and Lorentz invariance
3 Properties of known basic interactions
- QED and fundamental constants (e.g. g-2, α, anti-H, H-like ions, … )
- QCD (exotic atoms)
- Gravity (e.g. matter vs. antimatter behavior, … )
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WG5 - N. Severijns - Town Meeting, Madrid, May 31 - June 2, 2010
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Future directions - overview
1. Fundamental Symmetries
- Time reversal and CP violation
- Parity non-conservation in atoms and ions
- CPT conservation and Lorentz invariance
2. Neutrinos
- Nature and mass of neutrinos
- Neutrino mixing parameters and the CP violating phases
3. Electroweak interactions
- Precision measurements in beta decay
- Precise QED studies within the Standard Model
Recommendations - overview
1. Support of small-sized laboratory and university groups
2. Support for and from theory
3. Facilities
4/7/2015
WG5 - N. Severijns - Town Meeting, Madrid, May 31 - June 2, 2010
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1. Fundamental symmetries
a. Time reversal and CP violation in the quark sector
Neutrons
QCD
a nonzero particle EDM
violates P, T and, assuming
CPT conservation, also CP
Leptons
Nuclei
Schiff Moment
some current EDM constraints :
Paramagnetic
atoms: Tl, Cs, Fr
Molecules
atomic theory
investigate different systems,
providing complementary
information on different
sources of CP violation 
Diamagnetic
atoms: Hg, Xe, Rn
nuclear theory
e.g. permanent EDM‘s
matter – anti-matter asymmetry
quark EDM
quark chromo!EDM
lepton EDM
PbO, YbF, TlF
FUNDAMENTAL THEORY
- for p, d EDM exps. good
prospects with ring
(e.g. plans for COSY)
- R- and D-corr. in  decay
(nTRV @ PSI)
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WG5 - N. Severijns - Town Meeting, Madrid, May 31 - June 2, 2010
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1. Fundamental symmetries
b. Parity non-conservation in atoms and ions
e.g. APV: test of the SM through measurements of the Weinberg angle
Future measurements:
- trapped atoms and ions with
enhanced APV effect, in casu
Fr, Ba+, Ra+
- measurements on series of isotopes
APV is complementary to parity-violating electron scattering (APV in graph)
for determining effective weak couplings of quarks and search for new physics beyond SM
Note: experiments at low energy very clean since radiative corrections are minimal
4/7/2015
WG5 - N. Severijns - Town Meeting, Madrid, May 31 - June 2, 2010
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1. Fundamental symmetries
c. CPT conservation and Lorentz invariance
CPT:
e.g. spectroscopy of
(AD-CERN)
- antiprotonic atoms (pbar-p, pbar-He)
- antihydrogen (i.e. e+-pbar atom)
AD-CERN
Need for future facilities: ELENA, FLAIR
Lorentz violation:
test frame dependence of observables
close interaction with theorists is essential
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WG5 - N. Severijns - Town Meeting, Madrid, May 31 - June 2, 2010
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2. Neutrino masses, oscillations and mixing matrix
Neutrino masses

hierarchy

Dirac or Majorana particle ??
- direct measurements: KATRIN spectrometer, sensitivity = 0.2 eV
MARE calorimeters, phase-II sensit. = 0.2 eV
- 0 decay:
needs:
4/7/2015
CUORE (130Te), SuperNEMO (150Nd or 82Se),
GERDA (76Ge): sensitivity ≈ 0.05 – 0.3 eV
- enrichment of isotopes
- experiments to support matrix elements calculations
WG5 - N. Severijns - Town Meeting, Madrid, May 31 - June 2, 2010
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2. Neutrino masses, oscillations and mixing matrix
 flavor eigenstates
Neutrino
mixing
matrix:
atmospheric
23  (45  4)
mass eigenstates 
reactor
solar
13  12 (?)
12  (33.7 1.3)
oscillation experiments (e.g. Double Chooz)  determine size of 13
if 13 large  search for CP violation in lepton sector (phase )
 superbeams, neutrino factories, beta-beams (esp. if 13 < 0.02)
4/7/2015
WG5 - N. Severijns - Town Meeting, Madrid, May 31 - June 2, 2010
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3. Electroweak interactions
a. Precision measurements in  decay
A. CKM quark mixing matrix
(masses,
theory, …)
 decays from K decays


strong limits on
physics beyond
Standard Model
e.g.
 0.97425(22) 0.22534(93) 0.00393(36) 


1.04(6)
0.0412(11) 
 0.230(11)

0.18 
0.0387(23)
0.77 0.24 
 0.0081(6)
- scalar currents
- right-handed crts.
0.99995(61)
Future: - improve precision
(spectroscopy, mass measurements)
- neutron lifetime issue !
- new transitions
(e.g. superallowed, T = 1/2 mirror)
4/7/2015
WG5 - N. Severijns - Town Meeting, Madrid, May 31 - June 2, 2010
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B. Correlation measurements in  decay
search for non-SM weak interactions:
- S & T currents
- new V, A interactions (e.g. V+A)
- neutron decay
a, A, B, R, … correlations with
aSPECT, PERKEO, nTRV, …
reliable value for lifetime n needed !
n = 885.7(8) s
An
PERKEO
4/7/2015

J 
n = 878.5(8) s
WG5 - N. Severijns - Town Meeting, Madrid, May 31 - June 2, 2010
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B. Correlation measurements in  decay
- nuclear beta decay
a, A, … correlations
- particle traps (@ GANIL, ISOLDE, KVI, … )
- simulation codes
- needs for field
- higher yields (nuclei & UCN)
- polarized samples in traps ( tensor, right-handed currents, …)
- precise determination of nuclear polarization
- improved simulation codes
- long beam times
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WG5 - N. Severijns - Town Meeting, Madrid, May 31 - June 2, 2010
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3. Electroweak interactions
b. Precise QED studies within the SM
Accurate QED predictions required for
improved determinations of fundamental constants (e.g. α, me, …)
Precisions @ 10-13 level reached
- g-2 measurements:
electron  α
muon  test standard model
- light hydrogenic ions, muonic & pionic hydrogen, …
e.g. me from L/ c for C5+
- light few-body atoms: He, Li, pbar-He, …
- highly charged ions
e.g. QED in strong E-fields, magnetic moments, …
- many-electron atoms
theory: electron correlations, …
4/7/2015
WG5 - N. Severijns - Town Meeting, Madrid, May 31 - June 2, 2010
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QCD and
Gravitaiton
QCD
- pionic atoms (e.g. DIRAC exp, PSI)
- kaonic atoms & kaonic nuclear bound states
e.g. SIDDHARTA, AMADEUS, AD, FLAIR
- pbar-atoms (ELENA@AD, FLAIR)
Gravitation
- gravitational interaction of antimatter
e.g. gravitational mass of anti-H with AEGIS@AD
- searches for non-Newtonian gravity
e.g. test law of gravity at small distances (GRANIT, qBounce, ..)
4/7/2015
WG5 - N. Severijns - Town Meeting, Madrid, May 31 - June 2, 2010
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Future directions - overview
1. Fundamental Symmetries
- Time reversal and CP violation
- Parity non-conservation in atoms and ions
- CPT conservation and Lorentz invariance
2. Neutrinos
- Nature and mass of neutrinos
- Neutrino mixing parameters and the CP violating phases
3. Electroweak interactions
- Precision measurements in beta decay
- Precise QED studies within the Standard Model
Recommendations - overview
1. Support of small-sized laboratory and university groups
2. Support for and from theory
3. Facilities
4/7/2015
WG5 - N. Severijns - Town Meeting, Madrid, May 31 - June 2, 2010
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Recommendations - 1
• Support of small-sized laboratories and university groups
- training of young people
- development of new techniques
- detectors
- to improve/extend possibilities of traps
•
Support for theory and from theory
•
Facilities
1. for precise QED studies with low-energy antiprotons
ELENA @ CERN, later FLAIR@GSI
2. underground laboratories (upgrades / new ones)
3. upgraded and new facilities
4/7/2015
WG5 - N. Severijns - Town Meeting, Madrid, May 31 - June 2, 2010
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Recommendations - 2
•
Support of small-sized laboratories and university groups
•
Support for and from theory
•
Facilities
1. for precise QED studies with low-energy antiprotons
2. underground laboratories
3. upgraded and new facilities (time-ordered approach)
nuclei
- HIE-ISOLDE
- SPIRAL2 (DESIR)
- EURISOL
neutrons - UCN source @ FRM-II
- European Spallation Source
anti-p
- modules 4 & 5 of FAIR (for QED & antiproton research)
4. regular access to beams & long continuous beam time periods:
nuclei:
ISOL@MYRRHA
neutrons: high-intensity neutron sources
QED:
4/7/2015
sources of coherent short-wavelength e.m. radiation
WG5 - N. Severijns - Town Meeting, Madrid, May 31 - June 2, 2010
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The MYRRHA concept (SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium)
www.sckcen.be/myrrha/
Sub-critical reactor
Accelerator (600 MeV proton, 4 mA)
ADS “Accelerator Driven System”
Spallation source
( proton  neutron )
Neutron multiplier
Flexible irradiation facility
Waste transmutation
Material testing
others: RI, NTD-Si,...
Fast
neutron
source
Lead-Bismuth
coolant
http://www.sckcen.be/myrrha/
Future directions
4/7/2015
WG5 - N. Severijns - Town Meeting, Madrid, May 31 - June 2, 2010
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WG5 - N. Severijns - Town Meeting, Madrid, May 31 - June 2, 2010
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4/7/2015
WG5 - N. Severijns - Town Meeting, Madrid, May 31 - June 2, 2010
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Recommendations
4/7/2015
WG5 - N. Severijns - Town Meeting, Madrid, May 31 - June 2, 2010
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4/7/2015
WG5 - N. Severijns - Town Meeting, Madrid, May 31 - June 2, 2010
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