Sukiswo sukiswok@yahoo.com
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT 1

 Tujuan : menjelaskan dasar-dasar komunikasi wireless
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
2

 Komunikasi Wireless / Nirkabel
 Pemanfaatan Komunikasi Nirkabel
 Macam2 Komunikasi Nirkabel
 Standard Komunikasi Nirkabel
 Evolusi Komunikasi Nirkabel
 Kontent & Aplikasi
 Spektrum Frekuensi
 Frekuensi Carrier / Kanal
 Mode Komunikasi
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
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 Sistem Komunikasi menggunakan frekuensi/spektrum radio, yang memungkinkan transmisi (pengiriman/penerimaan) informasi
(suara, data, gambar, video) tanpa koneksi fisik
 Dibedakan dari sistem transmisi yang memerlukan koneksi fisik, seperti kabel/kawat tembaga atau fiber optik
 Bersifat tetap (fixed) atau bergerak (mobile)
 Dibatasi oleh ketersediaan spektrum (pita frekuensi), karena adanya interferensi (saling mengganggu) jika digunakan bersama
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
4

TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
5

 Komunikasi menggunakan gelombang elektromagnetik
 Gelombang elektromagnetik
•
Kecepatan cahaya (c = 3x10 8 m/s)
•
Memiliki frekuensi (f) dan panjang gelombang ( l
)
» c = f x l
• Penggunaan frekuensi lebih tinggi umumnya medium meredam lebih besar
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
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 Dapat dilakukan “dimana saja” (mobile)
 Bisa bersifat lebih personal
 Dibatasi oleh sifat antarmuka terminal:
– Layar kecil (ponsel) sampai menengah (laptop)
–
Tombol terbatas
– Daya terbatas
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
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Wireless
Communication
Fixed
Wireless
Mobile
Wireless
Non
Cellular
Cellular
Non
Cellular
Cellular contoh : point to point communication, infra red communication, LMDS,
Microwave communication contoh :
PHS, CT2, PACS, DCS1800,
DECT contoh : paging system (ERMES, NTT, NEC)
, dispatching system, PAMR ( Public
Access Mobile Radio ) dsb contoh :
GSM, CDMA/IS-95, AMPS, UMTS,
PHS, DCS1800, NMT450, TACS,
C-450, CDMA 2000 dsb
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
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 Layanan Bersifat tetap (fixed):
–
Penggunaan sekitar rumah (Cordless-DECT)
– Sambungan lokal (wireless local loop-WLL)
– Bluetooth: jarak pendek, kecepatan rendah
–
WiFi: jarang menengah, kecepatan cukup tinggi
–
WIMAX: jarak jauh, kecepatan tinggi
–
Satellite: jangkauan luas, kecepatan menengah
– RFID: jangkauan sangat kecil
 Layanan Bersifat bergerak (mobile):
–
Limited Mobility (Flexi)
– Cellular (GSM, CDMA, 3G)
– Satellite (GMPCS)
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
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Degree of mobility
UMTS
GSM
GPRS
CDMA
EDGE
DECT
BlueTooth
0.1
Systems beyond 3G
>2010
UMTS
HSDPA
EV-DO
EV-DV
FlashOFDM
(802.20)
WLAN
(IEEE 802.11x)
IEEE
802.16e
IEEE
802.16a,d
1 10 100 Mbps
User data rate
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
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IEEE 802.15.4
(Zigbee Alliance)
Sensors
(BAN)
RFID
(AutoID Center)
BAN: Body Area Network
IEEE 802.22
IEEE 802.20
IEEE 802.16e
IEEE 802.16d
WiMAX
RAN
WAN
IEEE 802.11
Wi-Fi Alliance
MAN
LAN
3GPP (GPRS/UMTS)
3GPP2 (1X--/CDMA2000)
GSMA, OMA
ETSI HiperMAN
&
HIPERACCESS
ETSI-BRAN
HiperLAN2
IEEE 802.15.3 UWB,
Bluetooth
Wi-Media, BTSIG,
MBOA
PAN
ETSI
HiperPAN
11
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT

（
）
Generation
1 st Generation
(Cellular) Analog voice
1000
100
10
1
2 nd Generation
Digital voice &
Low rate data
3 rd Generation 4 th Generation
Voice & High speed data
Multimedia
ALL-IP Broadband
Ubiquitous & Seamless
WLAN++
WLAN+
802.11n, etc.
WiMAX
WLAN
802.11a,HiSWANa,
UWB, etc.
HIPERLAN2, etc.
Nomadic
3G+
HSDPA, cdma2000(3X), etc.
4G
3G
Local Cdma2000, etc.
0.1
0.01
Mobile
2G+
PDC,GSM,PHS, etc.
2G
PDC,GSM,PHS, etc.
～ 1990 1995 2000 2005
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
2010 2015
Year
12

GSM CS
Up to 9,6 Kbps
GSM GPRS
Up to 115 kbps
UMTS
Up to 2 Mbps or 384 in mobility
2G
GSM HSCSD
Up to 38,4 kbps
2.5G
3G
EDGE
Operators prefer choose direct going to GPRS technology rather than going to
GSM HSCSD technology because no HSCSD handset availability and short time stage
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
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IS-95A CDMA
Voice, packet-
9.6/14.4 Kbps
IS-95B CDMA
Voice, packet-
64 Kbps
IS-2000 1X 144 Kbps
600 Kbps peak
IS-2000 1XEV-DO
600 Kbps; 2.4 Kbps peak IS-2000 1XEV-DV
2-5 Mbps peak
All IP
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
Source: CDMA2000-A world view
14

IMT-2000 Terrestrial
Radio Interfaces
IMT-2000
CDMA
Direct Spread
WCDMA
(UMTS)
IMT-2000
CDMA
Multi Carrier
CDMA2000
1X and 3X
IMT-2000
CDMA
TDD
UTRA TDD
And TD-SCDMA
IMT-2000
TDMA
Single Carrier
UWC-136/
EDGE
IMT-2000
FDMA/
TDMA
DECT
CDMA TDMA FDMA
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
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TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
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10 4 10 2 10 0 10 -2 10 -4 10 -6 10 -8 10 -10 10 -12 10 -14 10 -16
Radio
Spectrum
Micro wave
IR UV X-Rays
Cosmic
Rays
10 4 10 6 10 8 10 10 10 12 10 14 10 16 10 18 10 20 10 22 10 24
1MHz ==100m
100MHz ==1m
10GHz ==1cm
Visible light
< 30 KHz VLF
30-300KHz LF
300KHz – 3MHz MF
3 MHz – 30MHz HF
30MHz – 300MHz VHF
300 MHz – 3GHz UHF
3-30GHz SHF
> 30 GHz EHF
Alokasi Frekeunsi !
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
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 GSM :
– Frekuensi ~= 900 Mhz
–
Panjang gelombang ~= 33cm
 PCS
–
Frekuensi ~= 1.8 Ghz
– Panjang gelombang ~= 17.5 cm
 Bluetooth:
– Frekuensi ~= 2.4Gz
–
Panjang gelombang ~= 12.5cm
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
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– Informasi yang dikirim menuju receiver dilewatkan pada band frekuensi tertentu.
• Disebut sebagai kanal (channel)
–
Tiap kanal memiliki bandwidth yang tetap
(dalam KHz) dan kapasitas (bit-rate)
–
Band frekuensi yang berbeda (atau kanal) dapat digunakan untuk mentransmisikan informasi secara paralel dan independen (konsep multiple access).
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
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– Assume a spectrum of 90KHz is allocated over a base frequency b for communication between stations A and
B
– Assume each channel occupies 30KHz.
– There are 3 channels
Station A
–
Each channel is simplex (Transmission occurs in one way)
–
For full duplex communication:
» Use two different channels (front and reverse channels)
Channel 2 (b+30 - b+60)
» Use time division in a channel
Channel 3 (b+60 - b+90)
Station B
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
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 Normally, on a channel, a station can transmit only in one way.
• This is called simplex transmision
 To enable two-way communication (called full-duplex communication)
• We can use Frequency Division Multiplexing
•
We can use Time Division Multiplexing
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
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 FDD: Frequency Division Duplex
Mobile
Terminal
M
Forward Channel
Reverse Channel
Base Station
B
Forward Channel and Reverse Channel use different frequency bands
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
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 TDD: Time Division Duplex
Mobile
Terminal
M
M B M B M B
Base Station
B
A singe frequency channel is used. The channel is divided into time slots. Mobile station and base station transmits on the time slots alternately.
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
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Example - Frequency Spectrum Allocation in U.S. Cellular Radio Service
Reverse Channel
991 992
…
1023 1 2 … 799
Forward Channel
991 992
…
1023 1 2 … 799
824-849 MHz 869-894 MHz
Channel Number
Reverse Channel 1 <=N <= 799
991 <= N <= 1023
Center Frequency (MHz)
0.030N + 825.0
0.030(N-1023) + 825.0
Forward Channel 1 <=N <= 799
991 <= N <= 1023
0.030N + 870.0
0.030(N-1023) + 870.0
(Channels 800-990 are unused)
Channel bandwidth is 45 MHz
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
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 Initially Internet and Telephone Networks is designed assuming the user terminals are static
• No change of location during a call/connection
• A user terminals accesses the network always from a fixed location
 Mobility and portability
– Portability means changing point of attachment to the network offline
–
Mobility means changing point of attachment to the network online
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
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 Walking Users
•
Low speed
•
Small roaming area
•
Usually uses high-bandwith/low-latency access
 Vehicles
•
High speeds
• Large roaming area
• Usually uses low-bandwidth/high-latency access
• Uses sophisticated terminal equipment (cell phones)
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
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 Demand for Ubiquitous Computing
–
Anywhere, anytime computing and communication
• You don’t have to go to the lab to check your email
–
Pushing the computers more into background
• Focus on the task and life, not on the computer
•
Use computers seamlessly to help you and to make your life more easier.
–
Computers should be location aware
• Adapt to the current location, discover services
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
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