Security
Speed
Automatic Source Transfer
< 8 Cycles
< 150ms
Build an asset
• Fiber has a 20 year + life
• Any excess fiber can be leased or sold

Multimode Fiber
◦ Large Core most common 62.5um
◦ Only good for < 4KM

Single Mode Fiber
◦ ITU-T G.652-Zero Dispersion around 1310 nm\
◦ Supports CWDM and DWDM and Standard Ethernet

Dispersion Compensated Fiber
◦ ITU-T G.655-Zero Dispersion around 1550 nm
◦ Supports DWDM and Standard Ethernet @1550 nm
◦ Support Long Spans 50 KM+
Loose Tube Fiber
◦ Commonly used in lashed or under ground
deployments.
◦ Has very little internal support.
◦ Fiber loose in buffer tubes to allow for temperature
and moisture change.
Armored Fiber
◦ Loose tube fiber with corrugated steel Armor
◦ Must be grounded
◦ ADSS(All-Dielectric Self-Supporting)
 Support and span length engineered into fiber
 No grounding requirements
 Installed using Pulleys
Dead End with
Slack
ADSS Minimum Bend Radius
To arrive at a working bend radius for cable installation,
multiply 20 times (20 x) the cable outside diameter.
Example:
Cable Diameter = 0.46 in (11.8 mm)
20 x 0.46 in = 9.2 in (177 mm)
Minimum Working Bend Radius = 9.2 in (17.7 cm)
To find the minimum diameter requirement for pull wheels or
rollers, simply double the minimum working bend radius:
ADSS Tensions
•
As temperature increases ADSS tension will also
increase.
•
This is opposite of ACSR (conductor)
•
Incorrect tension can damage fiber over time
Single mode starts at
$.25/foot
Ribbon Fiber

Efficient packaging of higher fiber counts

Lightweight and easy to handle during installation

Specialized Splicers to splice 12 Fiber simultaneously

Optical Ground Wire (OPGW)
◦ Fiber optics engineered into ground wire(Shield)
◦ Wire and Fiber must be Pre-engineered for access
of fiber optics( No access mid span)
◦ Lower cost than underground
Core Alignment Splicer
•
•
•
•
Uses Servos and Camera to align core
Very precise low loss splice
Electrical Arc fuses Glass
Must be cleaved
V Groove Splicer
• Less Precise
• Lower cost to purchase and maintain
• Must be cleaved
Dome enclosures
•
•
•
•
High Capacity enclosure
Customizable using grommets
Splice trays separate
Typically used for butt connections
Low Count enclosures
•
•
•
Compact Size
Low splice capacity
Inline or Butt splices
ADSS
Dead Ends
• Used to make high angle turns
• Must use for slack storage
• Creates Shear points
Tangents
• Supports fiber between dead ends
• Line angle limitation < 20 degrees
• Some models can be used in
pulling short spans
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Keeper
Cushion Inserts (With or Without Grit)
Captured Bolt and Washer (Captured with Grommet)
Lock Nut
Anchor Shackle with Eye-nut (Optional not shown)
Structural Reinforcing Rods (optional, not shown)

Lashed Fiber
• Fiber lashed to steel carrier
• Must be grounded
• Can not be installed in power space
SC (Subscriber Connector)
• Square connector
• Push-Pull snap
LC (Lucent/little connector)
• Small high density
• Snap fit
• Used on Lasers(XFP/SFP)
ST (Straight Tip)
• Round
• Twist lock
• Common in Sub Stations
UPC (Ultra Physical Contact) polish style of fiber optic ferrules
• Standard for most applications
APC (Angled Physical Contact)
• Has Lower lightwave reflectance
• Used in RF optical applications
Active
• One Fiber One Customer
• Bandwidth not shared
• Requires high fiber counts
Passive
• One Fiber 32 to 64 Customers
• Requires optical Splitters
• Bandwidth is Shared
Non Powered
Optical splitter

Sonet (Synchronous Optical Network)

Based on older Time Division Multiplexing T1-T3 Technology

Poor bandwidth Efficiency(Protection Path No bandwidth)
Limited bandwidth sizes

Sub 50ms protection

High Deployment cost
Active Path
Reserved path
No activity

Ethernet
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
Low Cost Deployment
Flexible bandwidth rates
Sub 50ms protection without stranding bandwidth
Mesh and Ring Topologies
Easily Scalable
Active Path
Secondary path
Active Path
DWDM
• Multiplex up to 160 channels of bandwidth on 2 fibers
• Capable of long distance communications
• Wavelength sizes up to 100Gb
• Can use a digital wrapper(OTN) to encapsulate many types of
data and maintain packet quality
• Most systems do not have protection
Standard Ethernet
TX
RCV
RCV
TX
DWDM

Layer 2 (Facts)
1. Switching determined by MAC address database
2. If Packet Collision occurs, packet randomly retries
3. Packet Broadcast transverses all switches on domain
4. Vlans provide segmentation of domain
5. Vlans also allow for security and network traffic flow
management
192.168.30.3/27
192.168.30.2/27
B
C
192.168.30.4/27
Layer 3 Router
IPs terminated on Router
Vlan 10=192.168.10.1/27
Vlan 20=192.168.20.1/27
Vlan 30=192.168.30.1/27
Vlan 40=192.168.40.1/27
29 usable IPs per Vlan
Layer 2 Switch
Ethernet Ring
Block
G. 803.2
A
D
Vlan 10 Sub A
Vlan 20 Sub B
Vlan 30 Sub C
Vlan 40 Sub D
1. ITU G.8032 provides a method of ethernet protection while
preventing loops.
2. Master node blocks traffic on one interface of ethernet
ring
3. Failover achieved in less than 50ms
4. Many derivatives of this technology that are proprietary
(Nodes must be of same Manufacture and same Firmware)
Layer 3 (Facts)
1. Network Control by routing IP address
2. No problems controlling Broadcast domains
3. Control Services and bandwidth based on IP subnets
4. Ring and Mesh redundancy available
5. Traffic flooding and storming easy controlled
6. Most Layer 3 devices support layer 2
192.168.50.3/27
Traffic controlled by static
or Dynamic routing
192.168.50.2/27
Layer
B
2 Ring
C
192.168.50.4/27
Layer 3
Switch/Router
Ethernet Ring
Block
G. 803.2
MESH
Topology
IPs terminated on Router
Vlan 10=192.168.10.1/30
Vlan 20=192.168.20.1/30
Vlan 30=192.168.30.1/30
Vlan 40=192.168.40.1/30
2 usable IPs per segment
D
A





MPLS packets transverse fiber node based on shortest
path and label
MPLS allows transport of ATM, Sonet and Ethernet
VPLS (Virtual Private Lan Service) allow for layer 2 type
connectivity with layer 3 controls
While running MPLS switch processor and QOS are easily
controlled per vpls instance
Availability of complex traffic engineering
Traffic controlled by Labels
VPLS creates layer 2
connectivity
Layer
B
2 Ring
C
A
Layer 3
Switch/Router
Ethernet Ring
Block
G. 803.2
MPLS
Restores
Path
D
Fiber
Cut
OTDR
optical time-domain reflectometer
• Used to test quality and length
• Shows projected fiber loss
• Find fiber optic breaks
OTDR Output
Single-mode/Multimode Loss Test Kit
• Measure true loss of fiber
• Fiber identification
• Certify Fiber for Sale/IRU
Optical Fiber Identifier
• Fiber Identification
• Power Meter and Direction
•Features no other SCADA protocol has had before...
•Self-description and browsers
•Structured data
•Device models, not data points
•Capability for access security
•Fast peer-to-peer communications
•Dramatic reduction of necessary wiring
•Powerful reporting features
•A wide choice of lower layers

What is the Purpose of the Network ?

What is the necessary capacity ?

How critical is the DATA transport ?

What types of DATA do I wish to transport ?

What is the future plans for the Network ?

Will We transport public DATA ?

What security levels do I need ??
Thank You
Billy Wise