A Project Report on-
“OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE”

• An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made of very pure glass ( silica ) not much wider than a human hair that acts as " light pipe ", to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber
• Optical fiber typically consists of a transparent core surrounded by a transparent cladding material with a lower index of refraction .

Working Principle of an ‘Optical Fibre’
1. An optical fiber is a cylindrical dielectric waveguide
(nonconducting waveguide) that transmits light along its axis, by the process of total internal reflection .
2. The fiber consists of a core surrounded by a cladding layer, both of which are made of dielectric materials.
3. To confine the optical signal in the core, the refractive index of the core must be greater than that of the cladding.

Optical Fibre can be classified on the following heads-
1. On the basis of “mode of operation”
2. On the basis of “design of cable”
3. On the basis of “index of the cable”
4. On the basis of “structure”

Types of fiber optic cable of index
STEP-INDEX
The light rays to travel at many different angles within the Multi Mode Step
Index fiber, The light rays follow straight lines within the single mode step index fiber

• There are two basic types of fiber:
1.
Multi Mode Optical Fiber:
• Used to transmit many signals per fiber (Multi
Mode generally are used for in computer networks, lan applications)
• Multi Mode Optical Fiber produce as 50 / 125 and
62.5 / 125 ( Core / Cladding diameter Microns)

2.Single Mode Optical Fiber:
• Used to transmit one signal per fiber (Single
Mode generally are used for in telephones and cable tv applications)
• Single Mode Optical Fiber produce as 8 / 125 and 9 / 125 ( Core / Cladding diameter
Microns)

Types of fiber optic cable of Design
Two basic cable designs are:
1.Loose-Tube Fiber ( indoor / Outdoor
Loose-Tube) : fiber optic cable filled with a water blocking gel. Loose-tube cables generally are used for outside-plant installation in aerial, duct and direct-buried applications.

2.Tight-Buffered Fiber ( indoor /
Outdoor Tight Buffer) : fiber optic cable is tightly buffered by a protective thermoplastic coating. Multifiber, tight-buffered cables generally are used for intra-building, risers, general building and plenum applications.

GRADED-INDEX
The light rays no longer follow straight lines. The light rays follow like sinus signal

• Types of fiber optic cable of structures
• Three types of material make up fiber-optic cables
• Glass Optical Fiber:
• Glass fiber-optic cable has a Glass core and cladding. Glass fiberoptic cable the Fastest and the most expensive.
• Plastic Optical Fiber (POF):
• Plastic fiber-optic cable has a plastic core and cladding. Plastic fiberoptic cable is cheapest and slowest. It is suitable for short distance.
• Plastic Coated Silica Cable:
• (PCS). PCS fiber-optic cable has a Glass core and Plastic cladding.
PCS fiber-optic cable cheaper than Glass optical fiber and slower than Glass optical fiber.

• Patch cords
• The buffer or jacket on patch cords is often color-coded to indicate the type of fiber used.
The strain relief "boot" that protects the fiber from bending at a connector is color-coded to indicate the type of connection. Connectors with a plastic shell typically use a color-coded shell.

• Buffer/jacket color
• Meaning
• Yellow
• single-mode optical fiber
• Orange
• multi-mode optical fiber
• Aqua
• 10 gig laser-optimized 50/125 micrometer multi-mode optical fiber
• Grey
• outdated color code for multi-mode optical fiber
• Blue
• Sometimes used to designate polarization-maintaining optical fiber
•
• Connector Boot
• Meaning
• Comment
• Blue
• Physical Contact (PC), 0°
• mostly used for single mode fibers; some manufacturers use this for polarization-maintaining optical fiber .
• Green
• Angle Polished (APC), 8°
• not available for multimode fibers
• Black
• Physical Contact (PC), 0°
• Grey,
• Beige
• Physical Contact (PC), 0°
• multimode fiber connectors

Some Parameters should be considered while operating an optical fibre cable,they are-
• Optical cables sends data at 182,000 km/s, resulting in 5.5 ms of latency for each 1000 km. Thus the round-trip delay time is around 11 ms.
• Because the infrared light used in communications can not be seen, there is a potential laser safety hazard to technicians. In some cases the power levels are high enough to damage eyes, particularly when lenses or microscopes are used to inspect fibers which are inadvertently emitting invisible IR. Inspection microscopes with optical safety filters are available to guard against this.
• Typical modern Multimode Graded-Index fibers have 3 dB/km of attenuation loss at 850 nm and 1 dB/km at 1300 nm. 9/125 Singlemode loses 0.4/0.25 dB/km at 1310/1550 nm. POF (plastic optical fiber) loses much more: 1 dB/m at 650 nm. Plastic Optical Fiber is large core (about 1mm) fiber suitable only for short, low speed networks such as within cars.

Applications Of FIBRE OPTIC Cables-
• Fiber optic cables find many uses in a wide variety of industries and applications.
Some uses of fiber optic cables include:
• Medical
Used as light guides, imaging tools and also as lasers for surgeries
• Defense/Government
Used as hydrophones for seismic and SONAR uses, as wiring in aircraft, submarines and other vehicles and also for field networking
• Data Storage
Used for data transmission
• Telecommunications
Fiber is laid and used for transmitting and receiving purposes
• Networking
Used to connect users and servers in a variety of network settings and help increase the speed and accuracy of data transmission
• Industrial/Commercial
Used for imaging in hard to reach areas, as wiring where EMI is an issue, as sensory devices to make temperature, pressure and other measurements, and as wiring in automobiles and in industrial settings

This Project is prepared under the
Guidance of-
1.Mr. Lalit Verma
2.Mr. Mohd. Aslam

• Ankita Pandey (Group Leader)
• Ajay Kumar
• Rishabh Shukla
• Shikher S George
• Siddharth Goverdhan