OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARDS
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OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARDS BOSH Training 2009 OSHC PHYSICAL HAZARD ERGONOMIC HAZARD CHEMICAL HAZARD BIOLOGICAL HAZARD BOSH Training 2009 OSHC OBJECTIVES: Discuss and explain common hazards in the workplace and their effects to workers’ health. Recommend appropriate measures to prevent occupational and work-related illnesses. BOSH Training 2009 OSHC OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH ( ILO/WHO ) Promote and maintain the highest degree of physical, mental & social well-being of workers of all occupations Prevent workers from departures due to health caused by their working conditions Protect workers in their working environment from hazards and risks usually causing adverse health effects Place & maintain a worker in an occupational environment adapted to his/her physiological ability BOSH Training 2009 OSHC HAZARD AND RISK HAZARD - any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or someone under certain conditions at work. BOSH Training 2009 RISK - the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience an adverse health effect if exposed to a hazard. OSHC CHEMICAL HAZARDS BOSH Training 2009 OSHC Chemical Hazards Routes of entry into the body Inhalation Skin Contact Ingestion BOSH Training 2009 OSHC Chemical Hazards Routes of excretion Gastro-intestinal (feces) Renal (urine) BOSH Training 2009 Respiratory (exhalation) OSHC Skin (sweat, hair, nails) Chemical Hazards Measures of concentration of toxic substances Threshold Limit Value (TLV)- average concentration of an airborne substance to which most workers could be safely exposed over an eight-hour working day or forty-hour working week throughout a working lifetime Maximal Allowable Concentration (MAC)- peak or maximum concentration of an airborne to which most workers could be safely exposed. BOSH Training 2009 OSHC Chemical Hazards Classification of Toxic Effects Local toxicity- occurs at the site of chemical contact Systemic toxicity- occurs distant from point of contact, may involve many organ systems Acute toxicity- occurs almost immediately (hours/days) after an exposure Chronic toxicity- represents cumulative damage to specific organ systems; occurs many months or years to have recognizable clinical disease BOSH Training 2009 OSHC Chemical Hazards Health Effects Renal Diseases Respiratory Diseases Skin Diseases Hematologic Diseases Cardiovascular Diseases Neurologic Diseases Carcinogenic Teratogenic BOSH Training 2009 OSHC Chemical Hazards Effects Chemical Agent Industry/Process Renal Diseases: acute/chronic renal failure Battery, chemical Mercury, cadmium, industries, chloroform pesticide Respiratory Diseases: Irritation, inflammation Solvents, ammonia Chemical industries Pneumoconiosis Inorganic dust Mining, construction, sandblasting, coal Cancer Chromium Plating, metal refining BOSH Training 2009 OSHC Chemical Hazards Blood Diseases: Anemia Aplastic anemia Skin Diseases: Allergic/contact dermatitis Lead Battery mfg., lead smelting Benzene Solvent & soap mfg. Plastic epoxides Plastic, varnish Acne Cutting oils, grease Machine-tool operators Skin Cancer Arsenic, tar BOSH Training 2009 Petroleum refinery OSHC Chemical Hazards Liver Disease: Acute liver toxicity Liver cancer Carbon tetrachloride Cleaning fluids, dry cleaners Vinyl chloride Plastics & vinyl chloride mfg. Cardiovascular Disease: Hypertension Lead, Cadmium Battery mfg. & recycling Atherosclerosis Carbon disulfide Degreasing, dry cleaning Arrythmias Fluorocarbon, trichloroethylene Refrigeration, solvent workers BOSH Training 2009 OSHC PHYSICAL HAZARDS BOSH Training 2009 OSHC Physical Hazards Noise Vibration Extreme Temperature Illumination Radiation BOSH Training 2009 OSHC BOSH Training 2009 OSHC Ear Anatomy BOSH Training 2009 OSHC NOISE Types of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss Temporary Threshold Shift (auditory fatigue) temporary loss of hearing acuity after exposure to loud noise recovery within 16-48 hrs Permanent Threshold Shift irreversible loss of hearing BOSH Training 2009 OSHC NOISE Early Signs of Hearing Loss • • • • • Difficulty in understanding spoken words in a noisy environment Need to be near or look at the person speaking to help understand words Familiar sounds are muffled Complaints that people do not speak clearly Ringing noises in the ears (tinnitus) BOSH Training 2009 OSHC Other Harmful Effects of Noise • • • • Hypertension Hyperacidity Palpitations Disturbs relaxation and sleep BOSH Training 2009 OSHC BOSH Training 2009 OSHC VIBRATION Physical factor which affects man by transmission of mechanical energy from oscillating sources Types Segmental vibration Whole body vibration BOSH Training 2009 OSHC Segmental Vibration: • Health Effects: — Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS) — tingling, numbness, blanching of fingers — pain BOSH Training 2009 OSHC Whole Body Vibration: Health effects: Fatigue Irritability Headache Disorders of the spine BOSH Training 2009 OSHC BOSH Training 2009 OSHC EXTREME TEMPERATURE Sources of heat stress: Natural Conditions Hot work processes related to furnaces, kilns, boilers and smelting BOSH Training 2009 OSHC Health Effects of Heat Stress Disorders Clinical features Prickly Heat (Miliaria rubra) Pruritic rash Heat cramps Cramps in the body, usually legs Heat exhaustion Dizziness, fainting attack, blurring of vision, cold, clammy and sweaty skin Heat stroke Cyanosis, muscle twitchings, disorientation, delirium, convulsions BOSH Training 2009 OSHC EXTREME TEMPERATURE Sources of Cold Environment: Ice plants and freezers in the food industry BOSH Training 2009 OSHC Health Effects of Cold Temperature Frostbite: reddening of skin, localized burning pain and numbness. Fingers, toes, cheeks, nose, ears are most susceptible. BOSH Training 2009 trench foot or immersion foot: numbness, pain, cramps, ulceration and gangrene. OSHC BOSH Training 2009 OSHC Inadequate Illumination Health Effects Visual Fatigue Double Vision Headaches Painful irritation Lacrimation Conjunctivitis BOSH Training 2009 OSHC BOSH Training 2009 OSHC RADIATION Types Sources Health Effects Ionizing X-rays Gamma rays Cancer, congenital defects, death Non-ionizing Ultraviolet skin redness, premature skin ageing, and skin cancer corneal and conjunctival burns, retinal injury, cataract Skin and eye problem Infrared Laser BOSH Training 2009 OSHC BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS BOSH Training 2009 OSHC BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS VIRUSES FUNGI PARASITES BACTERIA BOSH Training 2009 OSHC Selected Infectious Diseases and Occupations Agent / Disease Occupation Colds, influenza, scarlet fever, diphtheria, smallpox May be contacted anywhere Tuberculosis Silica workers, people exposed to heat and organic dusts, and medical personnel Anthrax Animal handlers and handlers of carcasses, skins, or hair of infected animals, including wool carpet processors and handlers. BOSH Training 2009 OSHC Selected Infectious Diseases and Occupations Agent / Disease Occupation Ringworm (in horses, cattle, deer, pigs, cats, dogs, birds) Pet shop salesmen, stockmen, breeders of cats and dogs, and other animal handlers Tetanus Farmers (spores in soil) or anyone in contact with manure. BOSH Training 2009 OSHC Selected Infectious Diseases and Occupations Agent / Disease Occupation Rabies (e.g. dogs, bats, rats, pigs, cats) Veterinarians, letter carriers, laboratory research workers, agricultural workers. Fungus Farmers, outdoor workers, animal handlers BOSH Training 2009 OSHC ERGONOMIC HAZARDS BOSH Training 2009 OSHC ERGONOMICS Human Biological Science + Engineering Science ____________________________________ MAXIMUM SATISFACTION AND INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY “ fitting the job to the worker” BOSH Training 2009 OSHC ERGONOMICS the task (job content & context) the organization the environment BOSH Training 2009 the tool the workstation OSHC ERGONOMICS Goal to reduce work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) developed by workers MSDs are injuries and illnesses that affect muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints or spinal discs. BOSH Training 2009 OSHC ERGONOMICS Common Symptoms of MSDs Painful joints Pain, tingling, numbness in hands, wrists, forearms, shoulders, knees and feet Shooting or stubbing pains Swelling or inflammation BOSH Training 2009 OSHC ERGONOMICS Common Symptoms of MSDs Fingers or toes turning white Back or neck pain Stiffness BOSH Training 2009 OSHC Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS Static posture BOSH Training 2009 OSHC Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS Forceful exertion BOSH Training 2009 OSHC Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS Repetitive movement BOSH Training 2009 OSHC Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS Extreme range of motion BOSH Training 2009 OSHC Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS Awkward posture BOSH Training 2009 OSHC ERGONOMICS BOSH Training 2009 OSHC STRESS BOSH Training 2009 OSHC STRESS The harmful physical and emotional responses that occurs when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities, resources or needs of the worker. BOSH Training 2009 OSHC STRESS: Effects BOSH Training 2009 OSHC STRESS Manifestations of Stress PSYCHOLOGICAL Fatigue Anxiety Tension Irritability Depression Boredom Inability to concentrate Low esteem PHYSIOLOGICAL Heart rate Blood pressure Indigestion BOSH Training 2009 OSHC BEHAVIORAL Drug use Alcohol intake Heavy smoking Impulsive emotional behavior Poor work & family relationship Social isolation Family abandonment Sleep problems BOSH Training 2009 OSHC OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMS BOSH Training 2009 OSHC Key Elements of the Occupational Health Program Health Protection Health Promotion Health Rehabilitation BOSH Training 2009 OSHC Health and Safety Programs Hazards/ Disease Chemical Solvents Physical Noise Source Health Effect Health Program Paints, Thinners Irritant, Multisystem effects Surveillance for chemical exposure Exposure monitoring (Biologic Monitoring) Woodwork Operations Hearing Impairment Hearing Conservation Program BOSH Training 2009 OSHC Health and Safety Programs Hazards/ Disease Biologic Tetanus Ergonomic Stresses Cumulative Trauma Disorder Source Health Effect Health Program Dirty Nails, soil Lockjaw, rigidity, death Immunization Awkward postures, Heavy loads Musculoskeletal Disorders Management or personnel methods; Workplace modification Worker education and training; Back Care Program BOSH Training 2009 OSHC Health Promotion Physical activity, Nutrition, Weight reduction Immunization OSHS, RULE 1960 Smoking cessation RA 9211 Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003 HIV/AIDS RA 8504 Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act of 1998 National Workplace Policy on STD/HIV/AIDS initiated by DOLE - 1997 BOSH Training 2009 OSHC Thank you BOSH Training 2009 OSHC
