ZOONOSES
Zoonoses in Shelters
 Zoonosis
– disease passed from animals to
man
 Anthroponosis
– disease passed from man to
animals
“Right-to-Know” Stations
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Include MSDS sheets
for every hazardous
substance in the
shelter
Locate stations
throughout shelter
Excellent for
emergencies
Info about zoonoses
here
Types of Pathogens
Viruses
 Bacteria
 Fungi
 Others

– Rickettsia
– Protozoa
– Parasites
Always assume every
animal is shedding
pathogens
How Diseases Spread

Through feces:
•
•
•
•
•
Parvo
Feline panleukopenia
Salmonella
Toxoplasma
Worm eggs (rounds,
whips, hooks)
• Giardia and Coccidia

Fecal-oral – infectious
organism ingested
after being passed in
feces
How Diseases Spread

Fecal-oral
– Fecal contamination is not always
obvious
– Many pathogens may survive for long
periods of time in the environment.
– Parvovirus, ringworm and some worm
eggs can survive for years
How Diseases Spread
 By
air (aerosol)
– Upper
respiratory
infection
(URI-cats)
– Kennel cough
(dogs)
How Diseases Spread

Aerosol
– Aerosols travel only 3-4 feet, so dividers between
cages help
– 12-15 fresh “air exchanges” per hour minimum is
recommended
– “Air change” is also good
» Open windows or fan brings outside air in
» After moving through the room, another fan blows air back
outside
– Fans blowing directly on animals can spread disease by
creating aerosols
How Diseases Spread
 Animal
bites or
saliva
– Feline leukemia
– FIV
– Rabies
– Bacteria that can
cause bite wound
abscesses
How Diseases Spread
 Animal
bites or saliva
– Saliva spread (FeLV):
» Grooming each other
» Sharing food and water bowls
– FIV and Rabies require bites, not just
friendly casual contact
How Diseases Spread
 Through
direct
contact
– Ringworm
– Scabies
– Ear mites
– Hookworm
larvae
How Diseases Spread

By insect “vectors”
– Mosquitoes spread heartworms and encephalitis
– Fleas spread tapeworms, cat scratch fever,
plague, typhus, etc.
– Ticks spread Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain
Spotted Fever, and more
– Vectors must be controlled in the shelter
» Eliminate standing water (mosquitos)
» Treat fleas on animals and in environment
» Keep grass cut to limit ticks
How Diseases Spread
 By
infected objects (fomites)
– Ringworm spread by spores on pet hair
– Cage walls, toys, and bedding
– Peoples’ hands – including staff!
12 Tips to Help You Avoid
Zoonotic Diseases

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Stay current on appropriate vaccinations (tetanus,
rabies)
Wash hands frequently with antibacterial soap
–
–
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before eating or smoking
After handling each animal or cage
Wear long pants and sturdy shoes or boots
Use gloves
Wear safety glasses and mask when spray
cleaning
Disinfect scratches and bite wounds thoroughly,
then cover them.
12 Tips to Help You Avoid
Zoonotic Diseases
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Don’t allow animals to lick your face or
any open wounds
Learn safe & humane animal-handling
techniques, and user proper equipment
Seek assistance when handling
questionable animals
Report any bites or injuries to supervisor
Tell your physician where you work
Consider other work if you are
immunosuppressed.
Viral Zoonoses
Rabies
 Monkeypox
 Avian flu (cats, dogs, horses)
 West Nile Virus
 Eastern Equine Encephalitis
 Hantavirus
 Lymphochoriomeningitis

Monkeypox

Carriers
– Rats, prairie dogs and rabbits
– Especially when imported from Africa
Transmission – direct contact
 Symptoms (carrier)

– Listlessness, respiratory infection
– Patchy hair loss with scabs

Symptoms (people)
– Fever and pox-like rash 1-2 weeks after
handling rodents
Monkeypox
Treatment - supportive
 Prognosis

– 10% human fatality in Africa
– Much lower mortality in the US

Prevention
– Avoid contact with rodents from Africa
– Rodents imported from Africa were banned
after a 2003 outbreak
– Smallpox vaccine affords some protection
Lymphochoriomeningitis (LCMV)

Carriers
– Rodents - including pocket pets such as hamsters.

Symptoms in people
– Mostly a problem in geriatric and immunocompromised
people.
– The early phase - flu-like symptoms
– The late phase – neurologic problems like rabies and rarely
death

Lawsuit
– PetSmart was sued because they sold a hamster infected with
LCMV to a person who was infected and died of a stroke.
– That person’s liver was transplanted into a man who then
died of LCMV.
West Nile and
Eastern Equine Encephalitis

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

Carriers – horses, birds and other animals
Transmission – mosquito bite
Symptoms (horses) – neurologic problems
Symptoms (people)
– 90% do not become ill
– Illness in the geriatric and immunocompromised
– Fever, signs of meningitis (neck pain, headache, neurologic
problems)
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Treatment - supportive
Prognosis – fatal in a small number of people
Prevention – mosquito control, vaccinate horses
Bacterial Zoonoses
Bartonella sp. – Cat Scratch Fever
 Bordetella bronchiseptica – Kennel Cough
 Borrelia burgdorferi – Lyme Disease
 Brucella canis – Undulant Fever
 Campylobacter spp.
 Chlamydia spp. – Parrot Fever
 Clostridium tetani - Tetanus
 Capnocytophagia - DF2 (dysgonic
fermenter 2)

Bacterial Zoonoses
Escherichia coli
 Francisella tularensis - Tularemia
 Leptospira interrogans – Weil’s Disease
 Mycobacterium spp. – Leprosy and
Tuberculosis
 Pasteurella multocida
 Salmonella spp.
 Shigella spp.
 Spirillum minus – Rat Bite Fever
 Yersinia pestis – Bubonic Plague

Cat Scratch Fever
Carriers - Cats infected by a flea bite
 Transmission

– Not transmitted directly from cat to cat
– Transmitted from cat to person by bite or
scratch

Symptoms (cat)
– Many are asymptomatic carriers
– May have fever and lethargy, enlarged lymph
nodes for a period of time
Cat Scratch Fever

Symptoms (People)
– Relapsing fever
– Enlarged lymph nodes, with red lines on the
skin
» inflamed lymph vessels
» Called “bacillary angiomatosis”
– Liver and spleen infections (“peliosis”)
– Infected heart valves (endocarditis)
– Mostly in immunocompromised people and
children
Cat Scratch Fever
Treatment - antibiotics
 Prognosis – good if treated
 Prevention

– Control fleas and ticks
– Treat cats with antibiotics
– Cats owned by immunocompromised people
should be tested for Bartonella
Lyme Disease
Affects dogs and humans (not cats)
 Prevalent only in certain areas – check with
your vet
 Transmission

– deer ticks - Ixodes spp.
– must be attached for at least 24 hours, to cause
infection
Lyme Disease

Symptoms
– Early
» Skin rash at the tick bite
» Fever, muscle aches, enlarged lymph nodes
– Late
» Neurologic, Kidney, Heart disease
» arthritis
Lyme Disease
Treatment - antibiotics
 Prognosis

– Difficult to cure dogs
– People treatable if treated early
– Difficult to cure chronic infections in people

Prevention
– control ticks
– Non-core vaccine available for dogs
Undulant Fever

Carriers
– dogs (can be asymptomatic), cattle, pigs

Transmission
– contact with urine, discharge of estrus (heat),
afterbirth, aborted fetuses
Undulant Fever

Symptoms (dogs)
–
–
–
–
–
–
Inflamed testicles, Scrotal dermatitis
Enlarged lymph nodes or spleen
Weight loss, poor hair coat
Abortion, neonatal death, sick puppies
Eye infections
Infections in the disks in the back
Undulant Fever

Symptoms (people)
– Fever, chills, muscle aches
– Weight loss
– Enlarged lymph nodes or spleen

Treatment
– Antibiotics
Undulant Fever

Prognosis
– Immunocompromised people and children
more likely to get infected
– tends to relapse and difficult to cure in dogs and
people

Prevention
– Wear gloves, wash hands when handling female
dogs in heat, aborted puppies or urine
Parrot Fever
AKA – Psittacosis, Ornithosis, avian
chlamydiosis
 Carriers – birds >> cats
 Transmission

– feces and nasal discharge from infected birds
– Birds can shed for several months
– People infected by inhaling dried secretions,
feces or mouth-to-beak contact
Parrot Fever

Symptoms (carrier)
– Upper respiratory
– Gastrointestinal & hepatitis

Symptoms (people)
– Flu-like, respiratory
Treatment - antibiotics
 Prognosis – good with treatment

Tetanus
Carriers – animal mouths and anything not
sterile that can cause a deep puncture
wound
 Transmission – puncture by tooth or object
 Symptoms (people & animals)

– Horses & sheep > goats, dogs, cats, cattle, etc.
– Fever and muscle soreness, progressing to
uncontrolled muscle contraction
– “sardonic risus” – grimacing of facial muscles
– p. 8 – not actually “neurologic signs”
Tetanus
Treatment - antibiotics
 Prognosis

– Excellent if treated early
– Can be fatal if untreated

Prevention
– Every shelter worker should be current on
tetanus vaccination
– Once every 7-10 years
DF2
Bacteria that can and often does live in a
normal dog mouth
 Does not infect most people
 Can cause fatal infection in people who
have had their spleen removed
 People who do not have a spleen should
think very carefully about working daily
with dogs

Tularemia (Rabbit Fever)
Infects birds, mammals, people
 Transmission

– Dogs, cats and people are infected by tick bites
(Dermacentor spp.) or eating raw rabbit meat
– People can be infected by dog and cat bites, or
rarely “kisses” from dogs
– Puppies more susceptible than adults

Symptoms
– Fever
– Enlarged lymph nodes or spleen
Tularemia (Rabbit Fever)
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Treatment - antibiotics
Prognosis – relapse is common
Prevention
–
–
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–
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Tick control
Keep dogs and cats from hunting rabbit
Wear gloves when cleaning rabbit meat carcasses
Do not eat lightly cooked or raw rabbit meat
Beware puppy kisses, especially if they hunt rabbit
Leprosy and Tuberculosis
Carriers – any warm blooded animal
 Transmission

– Direct contact with secretions from wounds
– Respiratory aerosols

Symptoms (carrier & people)
– Respiratory infection
– Draining wounds
Treatment – long term antibiotics
 Prognosis - variable

Leptospirosis

Carriers
– warm blooded wildlife, rodents, livestock, dogs
– Cats do not get this disease

Transmission
– Shed in the urine, which contaminates standing
water (including lakes used for water sports)
– Dogs can shed for up to a year after infection
– Animal caretakers can be exposed by
contacting infected dog urine
Leptospirosis

Symptoms
–
–
–
–
Chronic urinary tract infection
Kidney failure
Liver failure (jaundice)
Fever
Leptospirosis

Treatment
– Treat liver and/or kidney failure
– Penicillins to treat disease
– Tetracycline to eliminate the carrier state
Prognosis – 85% do well if treated
 Prevention
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–
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Dog vaccine for 4 of serovars
Immunity lasts about a year
Handle dog urine with gloves, wash hands
Protect mouth and eyes when hosing kennels
Rat Bite Fever
AKA – Streptobacillary fever, sodoku,
epidemic arthritic erythema
 Carriers – rodents (especially rats)
 Transmission

– Urine, feces or mucous secretions
– Bite (slow healing, inflamed wound)
– Contaminated food or water

Symptoms (people) – recurring fever and
sometimes gastrointestinal upset
Rat Bite Fever
Treatment - antibiotics
 Prognosis – good with treatment
 Prevention – rodent control

Rickettsial Zoonoses
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Rickettsia – small bacteria like organism that lives
inside the cells of its host. Often carried by ticks
or fleas.
Rickettsia ricketsii – Rocky Mountain Spotted
fever
Wolbachia spp. – a rickettsia that infects the
canine heartworm, causing significant
inflammation in the dog
Typhus
Many think Lyme Disease is a rickettsia, but it is
a large bacteria
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever


Transmission – ticks (Dermacentor spp.)
Symptoms (dogs)
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–
–
–
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Fever, back pain, lethargy
Swollen ears, nose, face, under belly
Kidney failure
Low platelet count
Symptoms (people)
– Fever, headache, muscle pain
– Skin rash (red dots – petechiae)
– Nausea, vomiting
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Treatment – antibiotics, cortisones
 Prognosis

– Can be fatal to dogs if not treated
– Dogs who are treated early do very well
– 5-10% fatal to people

Prevention
– Control ticks
Typhus
Carriers – fleas and lice
 Transmission – by flea or louse bite
 Symptoms (people)

– Flu-like symptoms, backache, fever
– Dull red rash starting on the body & spreading
– Nausea, vomiting, delirium if severe
Treatment - antibiotic
 Prognosis – excellent with antibiotics, poor
if untreated
 Prevention – flea control

Fungal Zoonoses
Blastomyces – systemic fever
 Coccidioides – bone infection
 Cryptococcus – skin lesions
 Dermatophytes (ringworm)– skin lesions
 Histoplasma – systemic fever
 Sporothrix schenkii – skin lesions, fever

Ringworm
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


Fungal infection of skin – not a worm
Puppies with infected tails and feed usually have
ringworm, but this kind is often easily treated
Ringworm more severe in cats than dogs
Transmission: direct, fomites
– Ringworm can be very difficult to eliminate from a
shelter, once it is infected
– Infected hairs fly through the air and infect all they land
on; gets in the air ducts
– All surfaces must be cleaned with strong bleach 1:10
– Infected animals must be isolated, and probably should
be removed from the shelter ASAP
– Infected foster homes may need to be rested until clean
– All cats in the shelter should be tested
Ringworm

Some cats are carriers with no symptoms
– Especially long hair cats (Persians)

Diagnosis:
– Sometimes can see fungal hyphae on infected hairs
under the microscope
Ringworm
macroconidia
– fungal culture of hairs at the edge
of the round hairless
lesion
– DTM media turns red, and RSM turns blue-green
Fungal hyphae on an infected hair
– MUST examine culture growth to tell ringworm from
another fungal contaminant
– Ultraviolet light – infected hairs glow green (50%)
Ringworm

Treatment:
– Mild cases resolve on their own or with topical
treatment (Tresaderm, Lotrimin, Lymdyp)
– Severe cases need oral antifungals for weeks to months
(griseofulvin, itraconazole, fluconazole, terbinafine)
– ITRACONAZOLE SUSPENSIONS MAY NOT BE
EFFECTIVE (may not be absorbed)
– Severe cases can be disastrous for herd health
– Program (lufenuron) was thought to help years ago, but
studies have shown that it does not

People vary greatly in their susceptibility to
ringworm
Protozoal Zoonoses
Protozoon – microscopic parasite
 Coccidia spp.
 Cryptosporidium parvum
 Giardia – Beaver Fever
 Toxoplasma gondii
 Encephalitozoon cuniculi

Cryptosporidium
Affects most warm blooded animals
 Occasionally contaminates water supplies
 Transmission – fecal-oral
 Symptoms

–
–
–
–
–
Rarely infects healthy dogs and cats
Can cause chronic diarrhea in FeLV cats
Commonly causes diarrhea in calves
Most people have a “GI bug” for a few days
Rarely causes severe infection in people
Cryptosporidium

Treatment & Prognosis –
– antibiotics
– Acute infections are usually self limiting
– Chronic infections can be difficult to treat

Prevention – good hygiene and water
filtration
Giardia
Affects mostly dogs, but also cats
 Causes diarrhea and sometimes vomiting
 Transmission – fecal-oral, including
contaminated water
 Asymptomatic carriers possible
cyst
 Diagnosis: fecal wet mount or flotation,
trophozoite
ELISA
 Treatment: metronidazole, fenbendazole

Toxoplasmosis

Carriers – cats
– Cats are infected by hunting and eating their
prey, or by coming into contact with oocysts in
feces from infected cats

Transmission
– People are infected by coming in contact with
cat feces containing oocysts more than 24-48
hours old.
– Cats often shed for only a few weeks
immediately after infection
Toxoplasmosis

Symptoms (cat)
– Sometimes asymptomatic
– Muscle pain, neurologic, eye problems, fever
– “ouchy grouchy” cats

Symptoms (people)
– Many have no disease
– Fever, swollen lymph nodes, muscle aches
– Birth defects in pregnant women (retinochoroiditis
causing blindness_

Treatment – antibiotics
– No effective treatment for babies with birth defects
Toxoplasmosis
Prognosis – good for cats and adults
 Prevention –

– Don’t eat raw meat or unwashed vegetables
– clean litter box daily, using gloves
– 2 titers 2 weeks apart (cats and pregnant women)
» Both high means history of infection – likely no shedding
by the cat (50% of cats will be like this)
» Both low means the person/cat has not been exposed
» Low and then high means active infection, and cat may be
shedding for the next 2-3 weeks

Pregnant woman should be treated with antibiotics
Encephalitizoon cuniculi
Carriers - rabbits
 Transmission – rabbit urine is infective
 Symptoms (rabbit)

– Often no symptoms
– May cause paralysis or head tilt

Symptoms (people)
Encephalitizoon cuniculi

Symptoms (people)
– Neurologic problems and seizures
– More of a problem in children and the
immunosuppressed
Treatment – difficult to treat in rabbits and
people
 Other things that can cause head tilt but not
paralysis in rabbits:

– Ear mites
– Ear infection
Helminth Zoonoses
Helminth = worm
 Ancylostoma caninum - hookworms
 Bayliascaris procyonis Bayliascaris
procyonis – raccoon roundworm
 Tapeworms

– Dipilydium caninum
– Echinococcus granulosa – Hydatid disease
– Taenia spp.
Toxocara cati – roundworm
 Uncinaria spp. - hookworm

Cutaneous Larval Migrans
Larvae hatch out of eggs in the ground
 And then burrow into skin they come into
contact with
 Causes intensely itchy red winding tracks
 Often on the feet and hands, and back side
if sitting on the dirt
 Caused by:

– Hookworms – Uncinaria and Ancylostoma
spp.
– Threadworms – Strongyloides stercoralis.
Visceral Larval Migrans

When worm larvae burrow through tissues
in the body, causing inflammation
– Happens in the normal host species when there
is a high parasite burden
– Happens when the worm infects another host,
can not mature, and wanders around the body

Can result in pneumonia, encephalitis
(brain inflammation), myocarditis (heart
inflammation), diarrhea (intestinal
inflammation), etc.
Visceral Larval Migrans

Ocular Larval Migrans is a particular
form of VLM that affects the eyes
– can cause blindness in children
– Can be confused with a bilateral malignant eye
tumor called retinoblastoma in children that is
treated by removing the eyes
– Eyes with OLM have been removed by
mistake due to misdiagnoses
Visceral Larval Migrans

VLM and OLM caused by:
– Roundworms of dogs and cats – Toxacara cati,
Toxacara canis
– Roundworm of raccoon - Bayliascaris
procyonis
» Encephalitis by this parasite can be fatal
Transmission is fecal-oral
 REMIND KIDS TO WASH THEIR
HANDS AFTER PLAYING WITH
PUPPIES AND KITTENS!!

Hookworms
Ancylostoma spp. and Uncinaria spp.
 Transmission

– Fecal-oral (eggs) – dog to dog
– L3 larvae can also burrow into the skin from
dirt (bare feet) – dog to dog, or dog to person

Symptoms (dogs)
– Bloody or black/tarry stools
– Anemia can be fatal if severe
– Can also infect cats, but less commonly and
less severe
Hookworms

Symptoms (people and dogs)
– Cutaneous larval migrans (L3 in skin)
– Red serpentine tracks in the skin

Prevention
– Always wear shoes where animals eliminate
– Wear gloves, wash hands/skin when exposed to
dog feces
Tapeworms
Dipylidium caninum
 People can be infected by ingesting a flea,
just as dogs and cats are
 People can not get this tapeworm directly
from cats and dogs, even by ingesting
tapeworm segments passed in the pet’s
feces
 Zoonosis causes little damage and is easily
treated by deworming pets and people
Tapeworms

Taenia pisiformis
– People can not get this tapeworm directly from
dogs and cats, even if they ingest tapeworm
segments shed in the pet’s feces
– Dogs and cats get this tapeworm by eating raw
rabbit or squirrel
– People can’t get this tapeworm, even if they ate
raw rabbit or squirrel – it does not live in
people
Tapeworms

Echinococcus granulosa
– The only tapeworms that CAN be passed
directly from dogs to people.
– A person gets infected by ingesting a tapeworm
segment passed in the feces
– Dog is infected by ingesting larvae in raw meat
of sheep and other animals
– Sheep is infected by eating worm segments
passed by a dog, as a person would be
Tapeworms

Echinococcus granulosa
– People, sheep and other animals that ingest
worm segments develop severe problems from
larval cysts in the tissues called “hydatid cysts”
– Cysts are treated with antiparasitic drugs and/or
surgical removal
– People are a dead end or “paratenic host,”
unless the person is eaten !
– This kind of tapeworm is very rare in the dog.
Arthropod Zoonoses

Arthropod = bugs (insects & arachnids)
– Arachnids = ticks and spiders
Chyletiella (Walking Dandruff)
 Fleas & Ticks
 Sarcoptes scabei – dog scabies
 Lice on birds, deer, cattle, etc.
 Lice on cats and dogs are rare

Chyletiella






Causes very bad dandruff, which is actually
“walking” if you look closely with a magnifying
glass
Can affect dogs, cats, rabbits and people
Symptoms – itchy, scaly skin
Diagnosis – flea comb and look under microscope
to see mites (has CLAWS!!)
Treatment – Frontline, ivermectin, lime sulfur dip,
pyrethrin spray or dip (Adams Flea Off, Ovitrol)
Prevention – wash hands after handling pets
Scabies


People can get scabies from dogs by direct contact
Symptoms:
– Very itchy red bumps, often in warmest parts of the
body
– Can sometimes see a tiny dark spot within the redness
where the mite is



Infection is usually self limiting, but can go on for
weeks and is MISERABLE
Treatment: permethrin/pyrethrin lotion if needed
Prevention:
– wash hands after handling dogs
– Wear gloves when handling dogs with skin disease
Reportable Zoonotic Diseases in Shelters
Some diseases must by law be reported to
your local/state health department
 They will then notify the CDC if needed

–
–
–
–
–
–
Anthrax – likely only in horses, cattle
Undulant Fever (Brucellosis)
Eastern Equine Encephalitis
West Nile Virus
Hantavirus
Lyme Disease
Reportable Zoonotic Diseases in Shelters
–
–
–
–
–
Lyme Disease
Bubonic Plague
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Rabbit Fever (Tularemia)
Leptospirosis (Weil’s Disease) is no longer
reportable
– Rabies
– Monkeypox
Zoonoses Transmitted
by Bites & Scratches
–
–
–
–
Rabies
Pasteurella multocida and many other bacteria
DF2 (Cytocapnophagia spp.)
Rabbit Fever (Tularemia – Francisella
tularensis)
– Tetanus
“Shelter Worker Diarrhea”
Bacteria
– Campylobacter spp.
– E. coli
– Salmonella spp.
– Shigella spp.
Protozoa
– Cryptosporidium parvum
– Coccidia spp.
– Giardia spp.
“Shelter Worker Itchy Skin”
Parasites (Worms)
– Hookworms – Ancylostoma and Uncinaria spp.
Parasites (Mites)
– Scabies – Sarcoptes scabei
– Chyletiella spp.
Ectoparasites – Fleas and Lice
Fungi - Ringworm
Immunocompromised Owners
and Shelter Workers
Disclaimer on adoption paperwork:
A number of medical conditions can weaken the immune
system, including but not limited to chemotherapy for
cancer, organ transplant anti-rejection drugs, autoimmune disease drugs, pregnancy, very young or very
old age, HIV infection, or removal of the spleen. If you
are affected by any medical condition which may
suppress your immune system, please ask us for more
information about any special precautions that might
need to be taken when making a place for your new pet
in your home. If you are not sure whether you have a
medical condition which may suppress your immune
system, please consult with your physician before
adopting a new pet.
Web Resources – www.wendyblount.com
Animal Sheltering Articles:
– Zoonotic Disease: The Enemy In Our Midst
– Protect Your Staff, Protect Yourself
– The Real Scoop on Reptile Poop
Web Resources – www.wendyblount.com
Client Handouts:
– Your Pregnancy and Your Cat
– AVMA Toxoplasmosis Brochure
– AVMA Toxoplasmosis Brochure – Spanish
– AVMA West Nile Virus Brochure
– AVMA West Nile Virus Brochure – Spanish
– AVMA Dog Bite Brochure
– AVMA Dog Bite Brochure - Spanish
– Safe Pet Guidelines: A Comprehensive Guide for
Immunocompromised Animal Guardians
Web Resources – www.wendyblount.com
Compendia:
– NASPHV Compendium of Veterinary Standard
Precautions for Zoonotic Disease Prevention in
Veterinary Personnel 2008
– NASPHV Compendium of Measures To Control
Chlamydophila psittaci Infection Among Humans
and Pet Birds, 2010
– NASPHV Compendium of Measures to Prevent
Disease Associated with Animals in Public Settings,
2009
– AAFP Report on Feline Zoonoses 2003