Atlantic Revolutions and Their
Echoes
1750-1914
Timeline
American Revolution
1776-1783
Cause
• “No Taxation without
Representation”
– 1756-1763 Seven Years’ War
– New tax laws (navigation,
stamp act)
– 1774 Continental Congress
meets
– 1775 B + A clashed @
Lexington, Mass
– 1776 Declaration of
Independence
Effects
• 1781 British surrender to
Washington
• Articles of Confederation
created= weak
• 1783 Treaty of Paris signed =
British officially recognize
America
• 1789 Constitution created
• Influenced French and Latin
American Revolutions
French Revolution
1789-1799
Cause
• Estates General
– Unfair taxation
– Unfair privileges
• Deficit Spending
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Costly wars
Lavish court
Poor harvests
Economic Recession
• NO $$$$$ or FOOD MAKES
PEOPLE ANGRY
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Effects
Increase in Nationalism
Congress of Vienna
Legitimacy
Quadruple Alliance
Concert of Europe
BALANCE OF POWER
#1 Monarchy-Old Order/Estates General
Phases of the French Revolution
Moderate Phase
National Assembly
1789-1791
Feudalism abolished
Issued declaration of rights
“Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”
Reorganized Church (took back land)
Established constitutional monarchy (1791)
Included legislative assembly-replaced old provinces w/ 83 departments
Abolished guilds
Ended Church interference
Radical Phase
National Convention
“Sans-Culottes”
1792-1794
Radicals (Jacobins) take control of legislative assembly and set up national Convention
Abolish Monarchy
Declares France a Republic
Suffrage for all male citizens
Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette executed (1793)
Committee of Public safety set up
Robespierre=Reign of Terror
Guillotine=40,000 executed
Directory
1795-1799
Moderate constitution of 1795
Five-man Directory established (2 legislative bodies elected by male citizens w/ property
Dictatorial
Riots suppressed
Corrupt leadership
Chaos threatened
Napoleon
1799-1815
Overthrows Directory
Consulate set up (Napoleon #1)
N= Consul for life
N=Emperor of France
Economic reform
Religious reform
Napoleonic code Established
Military victories create French Empire
French defeat in Battle of Nations= Napoleon’s abdication and exile.
France after Revolution
• 1816-1824 Louis XVIII rules
– Issued Charter of French Liberties
– 2 house legislature
– Limited freedom of press
• 1824-1830 Charles X
– Rejected Charter
– Absolute Ruler
– Abdicated
• 1830 Louis Phillipe (cousin)-King
– “Citizen King”
– Extended suffrage to wealthy
– Favored bourgeoisie
– Feb 1848
• Poor harvests
• No jobs or bread…again
• abdicates
• 1848 Second Republic proclaimed by Alphonse de Lamartine
(romantic poet)
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(1st republic 1792-1804)
Liberals vs Socialists (Louis Blanc)
Rebellion in June “Bread or Lead”
Gov’t turned violent against protesters (1500 killed)
Gave vote to all men
Issued constitution (president with 1 house legislature)
President = Louis Napoleon Bonaparte(nephew of original)
• 1852 Louis Napoleon proclaims himself emperor
– 2nd republic ends
– Used plebiscite (y/n vote) won 90% of vote
After the Congress of Vienna
More Revolts
• Revolts in Balkans
– 1804-1817 Serbs gain autonomy from Ottoman Empire
– 1821-1830 Britain, France, Russia force Ottomans to grant
independence to Greece but with a German King
• 1830 Belgium
– 1815 Congress of Vienna united Austria Netherlands and Kingdom of
Holland under Dutch King.
– Belgians and Dutch not happy b/c of different
• Language
• Religion (B=Catholic, D=Protestant)
• Economies (B=manufacturing, D=trade)
– Students Protest
• 1831 Belgium = independent w/ constitution and always neutral
• 1830 Poland revolted over being controlled by Russia, Prussia and
Austria-but failed to win independence
• 1832 Britain
– Reform Bill of 1832
– Passed through peaceful means
– Set up new districts for electing officials
– Suffrage for men who owned property, paid rent
and Catholic
– Doubled # of British voters
– Industrial Revolution major factor in need for
revolt + reform
• 1848 Austria
– Student protests
– Metternich resigned
– Budapest
• Hungarian nationlists (Louis Kossuth) demanded independent gov’t , end
serfdom, and written constitution
– Prague, Czechs ask for similar demands
– Austria Agrees at first but later suppressed revolts with help of Russia
• Italy
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Tired of domination by Austria
Set up independent republics
Installed a nationalist gov’t
Kicked pope out of Rome
Austria and France send in troops and reestablish order
Latin America Independence
• Term applies to land south of US where
Spanish, Portuguese, and French are spoken.
All derived from Latin.
• Region includes Mexico, Central America,
South America, islands of Caribbean
• Influenced by Enlightenment + American
revolution
– Women hosted salons called tertulias
• Encouraged by French Revolution
Latin American Society
Peninsulares
• Born in Spain or Portugal
• Held most important positions in colonial gov’t and
Church
Creoles
• Born in Latin America, ancestors came from Europe
• Wealthy landowners and lesser go’vt officials
Common
People
Slaves
• Mestizos: Mixed native and European ancestry. Some
owned/rented small farms or businesses
• Mulattoes: Mixed African and European ancestry
• Africans were slaves on large plantations
• Natives were free but treated no better than slaves
HAITIAN REVOLUTION
1791-1804
CAUSE
• Island Hispaniola Split
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Spanish= Santo Domingo (east)
French= Saint Domingue (west)
Richest colony (sugar + coffee)
Society-Grand Blancs vs Petit
Blancs , Gens de coulor
libres,Tainos/natives and slaves
= inequalities
• French Revolution
– Rumor King abolished slavery =
revolt
Important Figures
• August 2, 1791 religious leader
Boukman along with slaves rose
up and burned plantations
• Francois Dominique Toussaint
L'Ouverture considered leader of
revolution
– Established military –guerilla
warfare
– Tricked by French and captured,
died in France 1803
• November 28, 1803 Jean-Jacques
Dessaline declares Haiti a
republic
Latin American Revolts
• Why: Creoles not happy with Spain
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Could not get ahead in jobs
Could trade only with Spain
Use only Spanish ships
Valuable mines in Mexico and Peru were under Spanish
control
– Napoleon’s conquest of Spain 1808 + put his brother
Joseph in charge of Spain and its colonies.
• Colonies had no loyalty towards a frenchman
– Natives also lead revolt
– Encomienda System
• Most famous Tupac Amaru (Peru)
– Incan descent
– Demanded end of brutal force of Natives
– 1780 crushed by Spanish
– 1810 Fighting breaks out
South American Revolts
Simon Bolivar in the north
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Wealthy Venezuelan creole
Influenced by enlightened thinkers
(Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu)
1811 Venezuela declared
independence from Spain
1819 built an army led 2,500
soldiers through Andes + took
Spanish by surprise in Bogota +
won
1821 Freed Venezuela
Marched south to Ecuador in
Guayaquil + met w/ San Martin
Dec. 9, 1824 Battle of Ayacucho last
battle with Spanish and freed South
America
Jose de San Martin in the south
• Returned to Argentina from
Spain (fighting Napoleon)
when revolts broke out.
• Commanded a creole army
• 1816 Argentina declares
independence
• 1817 led army across Andes to
free Chile
• 1821 Lima, Peru fought
Spanish in mts. + met with
Bolivar: San Martin left army
with Bolivar and returned to
Argentina
Brazil freed peacefully
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1807 Napoleon invades Portugal
Royal family flees to Brazil
After Napoleon’s defeat, King returns
King’s son, Dom Pedro stays in Brazil
1822 Brazilians demand independence
Dom Pedro agreed
– September 7, 1822 issues call, “Independence or
death!” (Brazil’s national independence day)
– December 1822 Dom Pedro named emperor of Brazil
Mexico Struggles for Freedom
• Native Americans and Mestizos fought for independence
• 1810 creoles revolt
– September 16, 1810 Father Miguel Hidalgo calls “el grito de dolores” (cry of
Dolores-city) urged people to rebel
– Went on 200 mile march to Mexico city with force of 60,000 declared end to
slavery and called for reforms for Natives
– Creoles joined forces + defeated Hidalgo + executed him
– Father Jose Morelos takes over and is a better general
– 1813 Morelos’s army controlled all of Mexico expect largest cities. Called for
independent Mexico
• Set up democratic government
• Tax wealthy
• Give land to peasants
– Creoles not happy: captured Morelos + executed him
– 1821 Augustin Iturbide named emperor soon ousted
– 1824 Iturbide shot
– Republic of Mexico established
• Next 100 years Mexico struggles with gov’t that leads to intervention of
foreign powers
After Rebellion
• 18 separate republics set up
• Never again carved into colonies
• Governments dominated by Caudillos (army
officials ruled as dictators)
• Monroe Doctrine: 1823 US President James
Monroe announced that American continents not
to be considered for future colonization.
Supported by Britain
• British and American Economic interests both
countries invested in Latin American economies
Abolition
1441 Portuguese slave trade begins
Importation-Illegal
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1803 Denmark
1807 Britain
1808 USA
1814 France
1817 Netherlands
1845 Spain
1867 Cuba
Abolition (Freedom)
• 1833 Britain
• 1848 France
• 1865 USA (Emancipation
Proclamation)
• 1886 Cuba
• 1888 Brazil
• 1960s Saudi Arabia + Angola
Women’s Rights
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Early Feminists
1098-1179 Hildegard of Bingen
1101-1164 Heloise
1342-1416 Julian of Norwich
1405 Christine de Pizan “City of Angels”
1666-1731 Mary Astell “Reflections Upon Marriage” 1700
1776 Jane Adams “Remember the Ladies”
1748-1793 Olympe de Gouges “Declaration of Woman and Female Citizen”
1759-1797 Mary Wollstonecraft “Vindication of Women’s Rights” 1792
Influenced by Quaker Religion-believed all were equal
1840 Anti Slavery Convention in Britain forced women to sit in balcony with curtain covering
them and not allowed to speak.
1848 Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Convention “Declaration of Sentiments” (Elizabeth Cady
Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Jane Hunt, Martha Wright, MaryAnn M’Clintock)
Frederick Douglass, Susan B. Anthony, Sojourner Truth
Suffrage
• 1869 Wyoming Territory 1890 became state. Other states allowed
suffrage but rescinded New Jersey and Utah
• 1893 New Zealand
• 1895 Australia
• 1906 Finland
• 1913 Norway
• 1915 Denmark
• 1919 Britain, Canada, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Austria
• 1920 USA 19th Amendment
• 1922 Ireland
• 1930s S. Africa, Turkey, Portugal, Spain, Brazil, Cuba
• 1945 France, Italy, Japan
• 1948 Israel
• 1949 China
• 1950s India, Mexico
• 1990s Switzerland, Kazakhastan
• 2000s Middle East countries: Kuwait, Qatar, Oman