Biology WarmUp: Copy ALL of these assignments into your binder
Including dates, WarmUps, InClass assignments AND page numbers!
April 20
WarmUp: Agenda
InClass: Most missed questions
Poster Presentations: Affect of Latitude on Climate&Community Interactions
InClass: Guided Reading 18.2
In Class: How is a Cladogram Constructed? P453
Homework: Read 18.1
April 21(even)-22(odd)
WarmUp: Most-missed questions part 2
InClass: Using Dichotomous Keys Part A p462
Homework: Read 18.2
April 23(even)-24(odd)
WarmUp: Classification
InClass: Using Dichotomous Keys Part B p462
InClass: SVHS Tree key
Homework: Read 18.3
Biology
Chapter 18
Unit 18.1
Unit 18.2
Unit 18.3
Finding Order in Diversity
1.5 Million Species have been named.
There may be 2 or 100 million more!
Why Classify?
To study such diversity of life
biologists use a classification system
to
•name and
•group organisms in a
•logical manner
Why Classify?
To study such diversity of life biologists use a
classification system to:
name and group organisms in a logical manner
•Taxonomy- assigning each organism a
universally accepted name
•Grouping- classification provides smaller and
smaller groups in order to organize the diversity
Teachers- biology teachers- IB Biology teachers
Why Classify?
•Taxonomy- assigning each organism a universally accepted
name
•grouping- classification provides smaller and smaller groups
in order to organize the diversity
Teachers- biology teachers- IB Biology teachers
Assigning Scientific Names
Mountain lion?
Puma?
Cougar?
Panther?
Why Classify?
•Taxonomy- assigning each organism a universally accepted
name
•grouping- classification provides smaller and smaller groups
in order to organize the diversity
Teachers- biology teachers- IB Biology teachers
Assigning Scientific Names
Felis concolor
To avoid confusion caused by
regional names, biologists
use a classification system to
group organisms in a logical
manner and assign names
Assigning Scientific Names
Felis concolor
To avoid confusion caused by regional names, biologists
use a classification system to group organisms in a logical
manner and assign names
Early Efforts at Naming
Used physical characteristics
Oak with deeply divided
leaves that have no hairs on
their undersides and no teeth
around their edges.
Names were too long and
Difficult to standardize
Early Efforts at Naming
Used physical characteristics
Names were too long and
Difficult to standardize
Binomial Nomenclature
18th century
Swedish botanist, Linnaeus
In binomial nomenclature is
species is assigned a two-part
scientific name
Binomial Nomenclature
18th century
Swedish botanist, Linnaeus
In binomial nomenclature
each species is assigned a
two-part scientific name
•Always written in italics
•First word is capitalized
•second word is lowercased
Ursus arctos
Genus - group of closely related
species
Species - unique to each species in
genus. Latinized characteristic
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Ursus arctos (horribilis)
Binomial Nomenclature
•Always written in italics •First word is capitalized
•second word is lowercased
Genus - group of closely related species
Species - unique to each species in genus. Latinized characteristic
Linnaeus's System of Classification
Linnaeus’ system uses seven taxonomic
categories
species
genus
family
order
class
phylum
Linnaeus's System of Classification
Linnaeus’ system uses seven taxonomic
categories
species breeding population
genus group of closely related species
family genera that share many characteristics i.e.. Ursidae
order broad category of similar families i.e.. Carnivora
class similar orders i.e.. Mammalia
phylum very different organisms that share some
important characteristics i.e.. Chordata
Kingdom Linnaeus named just two, plants and
animals
Linnaeus's System of Classification
Grizzly bear
Black bear Giant panda Red fox
KINGDOM Animalia
Abert
squirrel
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
Coral
snake
Sea star
18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification
Problems With Traditional Classification
How would Linnaeus classify a dolphin?
with fish? or with mammals?
What about a barnacle, limpet, and crab?
Evolutionary Classification
Darwin’s theory of evolution changed
classification
Biologists now group organisms according to
evidence of common evolutionary descent not
just physical similarities.
18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification
Problems With Traditional Classification
How would Linnaeus classify a dolphin?
with fish? or with mammals?
Conical Shells
Appendages
What about a barnacle,
limpet, and crab?
Crab
TRADITIONAL
CLASSIFICATION
Barnacle
Limpet
Evolutionary Classification
Darwin’s theory of evolution changed
classification
Biologists now group organisms according to
evidence of common evolutionary descent not
just physical similarities.
species in the same genus should be more
closely related to each other than to species of
other genera.
Genera in the same family should be more
closely related to each other than to genera in
other families
Evolutionary Classification
species in the same genus should be more
closely related to each other than to species of
other genera.
Genera in the same family should be more
closely related to each other than to genera in
other families
This is what leads to a rethinking of how to
classify crabs, limpets, and barnacles.
Cladograms and Cladistic Analysis
Cladograms and Cladistic Analysis
New characteristics that arise as a lineage
changes over time.
Relatively newer characteristics are referred to
as derived characters
Cladograms show evolutionary relationship
among groups of organisms
Cladograms
and
Analysis
New characteristics that
ariseCladistic
as a lineage changes
over time.
Relatively newer characteristics are referred to as derived
characters
Cladograms show evolutionary relationship among groups of
organisms
Conical Shells
Crustaceans
Appendages
Gastropod
Crab
Barnacle
Limpet
Crab
Barnacle
Limpet
Molted exoskeleton
TRADITIONAL
CLASSIFICATION
Segmentation
CLADOGRAM
Tiny freeswimming larva
Cladograms and Cladistic Analysis
New characteristics that arise as a lineage
changes over time.
Relatively newer characteristics are referred to
as derived characters
Cladograms show evolutionary relationship
among groups of organisms
QuickLab
How is a cladogram constructed? p453
Similarities in DNA and RNA
Very different organisms have common traits
ALL use DNA and RNA
much of which is VERY similar
The molecular similarities of organisms’
genes can be used to help determine
classification.
This has changed many classifications
American Vultures look like African and Asian
Vultures and had been classified together.
DNA evidence backed up other evidence classifying
them with storks
Similarities in DNA and RNA
Very different organisms have common traits
ALL use DNA and RNA
much of which is VERY similar
The molecular similarities of organisms’ genes can be used
to help determine classification.
This has changed many classifications
American Vultures look like African and Asian Vultures and had been
classified together.
DNA evidence backed up other evidence classifying them with storks
Molecular Clocks
Comparison of DNA of related species shows
difference in DNA. Comparison of differences
can show how long ago organisms diverged
Biology Warm Up: Cladistics
1. Copy the cladogram onto
your paper. According to the
cladogram, do flowering
plants share a more recent
common ancestor with ferns
or mosses? Explain.
2. What derived characteristic do
flowering plants, cone-bearing plants
and ferns all have in common?
3. Based on the cladogram, which type of plants have
vascular tissue and produce seeds, but do not have
either flowers or fruit?
Biology Warm Up: Cladistics
1. According to the
cladogram, do flowering
plants share a more recent
common ancestor with ferns
or mosses? Explain.
Flowering
plants share a
more recent
common
Ancestor with
ferns
than with mosses
Biology Warm Up: Cladistics
2. What derived
characteristic do
flowering plants, conebearing plants and ferns
all have in common?
Flowering plants,
cone-bearing plants,
and ferns all have
vascular tissue
Biology Warm Up: Cladistics
3. Based on the
cladogram, which type
of plants have vascular
tissue and produce
seeds, but do not have
either flowers or fruit?
Cone-bearing plants
have vascular tissue and
produce seeds
But do not produce flowers or
fruit.
18.3 Kingdoms and Domains
The “Tree of Life”
Linnaeus gave us two kingdoms, plants and
animals
Where to put protists and bacteria?
What about fungi? What about prokaryotes?
Resulting five-kingdom system:
Monera Protista Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Recently, Monera was split into two groups:
Eubacteria Archaebacteria
Protista Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
See the table on page 458 of the text
18.3 Kingdoms and Domains
The “Tree of Life”
Recently, Monera was split into two groups:
Eubacteria Archaebacteria
Protista Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
See the table on page 458 of the text
Three-Domain System
New taxonomic category - DOMAIN
larger than kingdom
Bacteria - Eubacteria
Archae- Archaebacteria
Eukarya- Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals
Three-Domain System
New taxonomic category - DOMAIN
larger than kingdom
Bacteria - Eubacteria
Archae- Archaebacteria
Eukarya- Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals
Domain Bacteria
Unicellular
Prokaryotic
Thick rigid walls - peptidoglycan
Domain Archae
Unicellular Prokaryotic Most are anaerobic
No peptidoglycan
Domain Eukarya
All organisms that have a nucleus
Protista Organisms that are not Fungi, Plants, or
Animals
Many, but not all are unicellular
Some are photosynthetic
Fungi
Heterotrophs - feed on dead or decaying matter
Secrete digestive enzymes
Most are multicellular
Plantae multicellular plants - photosynthetic
Nonmotile Have cell walls
Animalia Multicellular heterotrophic
Motile at least part of their life