Soybeans
Presented by: Samantha Privratsky
Food, Culture and Agriculture
Spring 2010
Soybeans: Today’s Topics
• The Plant
- Origin
- Chemical Composition
- Morphology
- Maturity
-Growth Types
• History
-
Movement from Origin
U.S. and World Production
GMO soybeans
Processing
• Cultivation/Pest Control
- Growing season
- Nitrogen fixture
- Main Pests and pesticides
• Soy Products
- Cattle feed, oils, plastics, paints, inks,
pesticides
• Health Benefits
-
Lowers cholesterol
Complete protein
Reduce breast cancer
• Health Risks
-
Allergies
Toxic pesticides/chemicals
Raw soybeans toxicity
Reduce sperm count
Increase risk cancer
The Plant: Key points
• Scientific name: Glycine max
• Member of the legume family
• 40% protein, 20% fat, 35% carbohydrates
• Originated from China
The Plant: Origin
Family Facts
• Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]
• Wild relative: Glycine soja
– Most likely the ancestor of Glycine max
• Other relatives in China, Korea, Russia,
Japan, Taiwan, and Australia
• Member of the Legume Family
– Alfalfa
– Peas
– Dry beans
The Plant: Origin
Soybean has had many names:
Japan bean
Japan fodder
plant
Soya Bean
Japan pea
Manchuria
n bean
Soja
Bean
Chinese
Pea
The Plant: Chemical Composition
• 40% protein; 20% fat; 35 % carbohydrates;
5% ash
• Complete protein: contain all essential amino
acids
• 1 cup of green, raw soybeans includes:
376 calories; 19g fat; 38mg sodium(2%DV); 11 g fiber; 33g
protein; 50% DV Calcium; 50% DV Iron
The Plant: Chemical Composition
Protein Quality Scale: Amino Acid Content
Protein
Digestibility– Corrected
Amino Acid Score
(PDCAAS) is a scoring
system created to
analyze the quality of a
protein.
Copyright ©2010 School Nutrition Foundation. All Rights Reserved. www.schoolnutrition.org
The Plant: Origins
80
80
GR
EE
N
70
80
LA
ND
70
60
60
50
40
A
T
T R OPIC OF C AN C ER
20
PACI FI C
10
L
20
A SI A
N
T
30
20
IC
20
AFRI C A
10
C
E
10
20
T R OPIC OF C APR IC OR N
40
T R OPIC OF C AN C ER
SOUTH
AMERICA
10
50
PACIFIC
OCEAN
O
OCEAN
R
30
EQU AT OR
10
EU
E
OP
40
30
A
70
60
50
40
30
80
ND
LA
60
50
NORTH
AMERICA
N
EE
GR
70
10
I NDI AN
O CEAN
A
EQU AT OR
10
N
20
20
10
20
T R OP OF C APR IC O R N
A US T R A L IA
30
30
40
40
50
50
60
60
70
70
80
80
30
30
40
40
50
50
60
60
70
70
80
80
30
30
40
40
50
50
60
60
70
70
80
ANTARCTIC A
80
30
30
40
40
50
50
60
60
70
70
80
80
The Plant: Origins
RUSSIA
Manchuria
MONGOLIA
CHINA
To be more specific, soybeans came from
Manchuria, a region of China.
JAPAN
KOREA
The Plant: Origin
Medicinal values in 450 A.D.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Heart
Liver
Kidneys
Stomach
Bowels
Lungs
• Yellow & Green Seed
– Increased lung power
– Improved complexion
• Black Seed
– Used in foods
– Fed to horses before a
long journey
Soybeans were believed to be good for the organs listed.
Different seed colors were claimed to have different
benefits to human health.
The Plant: Physical Characteristics
Annual
Upright architecture
Height varies from 7.9 in. – 6.6 ft.
Trifoliate leaves
Flowers from auxiliary buds
Seeds in pods (2 to 3 seeds/pod)
The Plant: Maturity: Key Points
• Soybeans are photosensitive (i.e. requires a
certain day length for flower initiation)
• Current cultivars are divided into 13 maturity
groups (MG III and MG IV are grown in Ohio)
• Temperature, physiological age, and day
length interact to affect soybeans.
The Plant Maturity: Photosensitivity
• Soybeans are photosensitive
– Begin to produce flowers when a critical dark
period is reached (day length)
• Day length varies with latitude
• Soybeans were divided into types or groups
according to their photosensitivity
Maturity: Maturity Groups
• 1818: W.J. Morse was first to divide soybeans
into photosensitive groups (3 groups)
– Late, medium and medium late, and very early
• 1925: Morse expanded his grouping to 5
• 1949: Morse expanded his grouping to 9
– MG 0 to MG VIII
• Soybeans are now divided into 13 groups
– MG 000 to MG X
Maturity Groups
MG
Areas Grown
EARLY
00
Northern Minnesota, Canada
MATURING
0
Northern Michigan
I
Central Michigan
II
Southern Michigan
III
Central Ohio
IV
Southern Ohio, Northern Kentucky
V
Southern Kentucky, Northern Tennessee
VI
Southern Tennessee, Northern Georgia
LATE
VII
Central Georgia
MATURING
VIII
Southern Georgia, Florida
The Plant:
Factors Affecting Maturity
- interactions
• Soybeans are affected by
– Temperature
– Physiological age
– Day length
The Plant
Growth Types: Key Points
• Indeterminate
• Determinate
Growth Types
• Indeterminate
– flowers and set pods while continuing to grow
vegetatively
• Determinate
– adds much less vegetative mass after flowering
begins
Growth Types
• Indeterminate
– Typically grown north of the 37th north parallel
(about Lexington, KY)
– MG 00 through IV are in this area
• Determinate
– Typically grown south of the 37th parallel
– These types require more light for flowering
– Originally in south because of their ability to
produce adequate forage
The Plant: Summary
• Annual, upright, trifoliate leaves, seeds in
pods
• Maturity Groups based on photosensitivity
– 13 groups currently
• Two growth types:
– Indeterminate
– Determinate
Soybeans: Today’s Topics
• The Plant
- Origin
- Chemical Composition
- Morphology
- Maturity
-Growth Types
• History
-
Movement from Origin
U.S. and World Production
GMO soybeans
Processing
• Cultivation/Pest Control
- Growing season
- Nitrogen fixture
- Main Pests and pesticides
• Soy Products
- Cattle feed, oils, plastics, paints, inks,
pesticides
• Health Benefits
-
Lowers cholesterol
Complete protein
Reduce breast cancer
• Health Risks
-
Allergies
Toxic pesticides/chemicals
Raw soybeans toxicity
Reduce sperm count
Increase risk cancer
• Soybean Future
History
Soybean Movement from Origin:
Key Points
• Used in China before recorded history
• Brought to U.S. before U.S. a country
• More knowledge about soybean agronomics
and processing increased their production
• key events helped develop the soybean
industry
– war, technology, weather, government program
Soybean History: Movement from Origin
Before
Recorded
History
Exported from
China to
Manchuria
A lot of time
passes
Nothing
happened
1765
1776
Samuel Bowman Declaration of
introduces
Independence
soybean to
North America
(Savannah, Georgia)
Chad Lee, Grain Crop Extension History
1712
Introduced to
Europe by
botanist
Englebert
Kaempfer
1804
Pennsylvania
recommends
that farmers
grow soybeans
1740
Missionaries in
China sent
soybeans to
France
(attempts to
Cultivate failed)
1812
War of 1812
1
History: Movement from Origin
1829
Soybean grown
in Mass.
(“luxury crop for soy
sauce”)
1903
Ford Motor
Company
Started
Chad Lee, Grain Crop Extension History
1854
1873
Two soybean
cultivars given to
U.S.
Commissioner of
Patents
“Mammoth
yellow”: earliest
cultivar grown in
U.S.
1907
1937
20 cultivars
collected in U.S.
10,000
introductions
with 2,500
different types
2
1898
USDA began
organized
introductions to
U.S.
1941
Japanese bomb
Pearl Harbor
3
History: Movement from Origin
Three advances in the knowledge of soybean.
• 1905: Commercial inoculant available in U.S.
– Germany: discovered that legumes fix atmospheric nitrogen
(N) when roots are nodulated by Rhizobia bacteria.
(Massachusetts Experiment Station supported these
findings).
• 1917: properly heated soybean meal was superior to
unheated meal
• 1920: understanding of “photoperiod sensitivity” of
soybean to day length
– Soybeans need a certain period of day length to trigger
flower production. Flower production is necessary for feed
production.
Soybean History
As early as 1923, agricultural scientists were predicting big
things for soybeans in the USA. The following is taken from:
Piper and Morse. 1923. The Soybean.
THE SOYBEAN
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
There is a wide and growing belief that the soybean1 (Fig.1)
is destined to become one of the leading farm crops of the
United States…
History:
Key Events to Developing the
Soybean Industry
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
World War II
Machine Power
Dust Bowl
New Deal
Biotechnology
1. World War II
•
Germany promoted soybean production in
Rumania and Bulgaria and guaranteed
prices.
–
–
•
375,000 bushels in 1934
5.5 million bushels in 1941
The United States increased production for
wartime products such as fats, oils, and
oilseed meal.
–
–
78 million bushels in 1940
192 million bushels in 1945
2. Machine Power
•
•
Tractors replaced the horse
Soybeans replaced oats and corn grown for
feed
- 85 % of the world’s soybean crop processed into meal and
vegetable oil for use in animal feed.
5. Dust Bowl
•
•
•
Droughts of 1934 and 1936
Soybeans were more drought tolerant than
corn
Farmers switched some acres to soybeans
to off-set their risk
6. New Deal
•
•
•
•
Great Depression: low corn prices
Franklin D. Roosevelt attempted to help
corn prices by controlling the number of
acres grown
No acreage controls placed on soybeans
Farmers who had reached their limit on
corn switched to soybeans
Soybean History: Overall Concepts
• Soybean (Glycine max) originated in China.
• Improvements in agronomics and processing
generated more production.
• Wars, weather, machinery and government
rapidly increased soybean acres.
• U.S. is the leader in soybean production, with
Brazil, Argentina, and China following.
• Most soybeans are processed into oil and
protein for food and feed.
History
Soybean Production: Key Points
• United States leads the world in soybean
production.
• Brazil, Argentina, and China follow the U.S. in
world production.
• Controlled by six Merchants of Grain: Cargill,
Continental(owned by Cargill), Louis Dreyfus,
Bunge, Mitsui Cook, and Andre & Company
-
Control storage
Control transportation
Control prices
Genetically Modified Soybean Crops
History
World Soybean Production (2007)
US
produced 2,585
million bushels
Brazil
produced 2,241
million bushels
Argentina
produced 1,727
million bushels
China
produced 525
million bushels
India
produced 342
million bushels
Paraguay
produced 257
million bushels
Others
produced 301
million bushels
Copyright 2007 North Carolina Soybean Producers Association, Inc.
History
Soybean Bushels Produced in 2000
(Total: 2.76 Billion Bushels)
Ohio
6%
Kentucky
1%
Indiana
8%
Illinois
16%
Other
49%
Michigan
3%
Source: National Agricultural Statistics Service
Iowa
17%
Soybeans: Today’s Topics
• The Plant
- Origin
- Chemical Composition
- Morphology
- Maturity
-Growth Types
• History
-
Movement from Origin
U.S. and World Production
GMO soybeans
Processing
• Cultivation/Pest Control
- Growing season
- Nitrogen fixture
- Main Pests and pesticides
• Soy Products
- Cattle feed, oils, plastics, paints, inks,
pesticides
• Health Benefits
-
Lowers cholesterol
Complete protein
Reduce breast cancer
• Health Risks
-
Allergies
Toxic pesticides/chemicals
Raw soybeans toxicity
Reduce sperm count
Increase risk cancer
• Soybean Future
Soybean Pests and Pesticides
Pests
Pesticides
•
•
•
•
• Calcium hypochlorite
(326) Uses: Algaecide,
Water Treatment
• Magnesium phosphide
(2085) Uses: Fumigant,
Rodenticide
• Spinetoram (XDE-175-J)
(5946) Uses: Insecticide
Bacterial diseases
Fungal diseases
Nematodes, parasitic
Viral diseases
Harmful effects of Pesticides
• Acute Pesticide Poisoning Associated
with Pyraclostrobin Fungicide --- Iowa,
2007
- 27 cases of illness after workers
sprayed with air pesticides
- All workers Hispanic, from Texas
Genetically Engineered Soybeans
(GMO)
• Monsanto GM soybean seed patent
•- Herbicide-resistant soybean plants
•Three new genes genetically engineered into soybean
from:
- bacterium
- cauliflower virus
- petunia
•Drastic increase in U.S. G.M. Soybeans from 1996-1998
- 1996 GMO soybeans: 0.5 million hectares
-- 1998 GMO soybeans: 18 million hectares
• Results in increase pesticide usage
Soybean Processing
• 1917: Processing Industry began in Illinois
• Oil yield occurs by solvent extraction
– Seeds are cleaned, cracked, and dehulled
– Use of unsafe chemicals to extract oil
– Remaining portion is rolled into flakes
• Flakes are toasted and used in soy meal and
soy meal products
• Protein portion of flakes can be extracted and
used in other products
Industrial Processing
• Food safety risks:
- Processing involves mixing non-edible oils with edible
oils(chloroethylene, hexene)
- Creates saturated fats: link to heart disease
- Consumers denied right to know what toxic chemicals may
be in soy products
Soybean Products
http://www.soyfoods.org/top/ph
otos
Soybeans: Today’s Topics
• The Plant
- Origin
- Chemical Composition
- Morphology
- Maturity
-Growth Types
• History
-
Movement from Origin
U.S. and World Production
GMO soybeans
Processing
• Cultivation/Pest Control
- Growing season
- Nitrogen fixture
- Main Pests and pesticides
• Soy Products
- Cattle feed, oils, plastics, paints, inks,
pesticides
• Health Benefits
-
Lowers cholesterol
Complete protein
Reduce breast cancer
• Health Risks
-
Allergies
Toxic pesticides/chemicals
Raw soybeans toxicity
Reduce sperm count
Increase risk cancer