Organization of the
Human Body
Chapter 1
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy = Structure
Physiology = Function
How is the body organized?
Body Systems
Main Life Processes
Metabolism
Reproduction
Sum of chemical
processes occurring in
body
Responsiveness
Formation of new
cells or production of
new individual
Detect and respond to
changes in environment
Differentiation
Movement
Unspecialized cells
become specialized
Growth
An increase in size or
number of cells
Motion of whole body,
individual organs, single
cells, etc
Homeostasis
- Maintenance of relatively stable body conditions
- Internal environment remains constant despite changing external
environment
- Homeostatic Mechanisms:
- Nervous system  nerve impulses
- Endocrine system  hormones
Feedback System
Negative Feedback System-Heart Rate
Baroreceptors
in blood vessels
↑ Blood
Pressure
About to give a
presentation
↓ Heart Rate
Heart Rate Normal ( In Homeostasis)
Positive Feedback System-Giving Birth
Cervix
Receptors
Smooth Muscle
Receptors
Cervix Opening Normal ( In Homeostasis)
Factors That Influence Homeostasis
- Environment
- Toxic substances (ex: pollution, venomous bites, poisons, etc)
- Temperature
- Behavior
- Eating habits
- Thoughts
- Exercise
- Genetics
- Hemophilia
- Congenital heart defects
- Age
- Decreased production of hormones
- Decreases lung capacity
- Decreased kidney and digestive function
Talking About the Body—Body Regions
*Anatomical Position: standing erect, face forward, arms at side, palms facing forward
1)Head
2)Neck
3)Trunk
4)Upper Limb
5)Lower Limb
Talking About the Body—Directional Terms
Talking About the Body—Planes and Sections
-Sagittal Plane: divides left and right
-Frontal Plane: divides front and back
-Transverse Plane: divides upper and lower
-Oblique Plane: divides at an angle
Body Cavities
1. Several body cavities & layers of membranes within cavities
- Spaces within the body that surround organs
2. Variety of organs and organ systems within cavities
(VISCERA = internal organs. "Visceral organs")
Body Cavities
- Cranial Cavity
- Vertebral Cavity
- Thoracic Cavity
- Pleural Cavity
- Pericardial Cavity
- Mediastinum
- Abdominopelvic Cavity
- Abdominal Cavity
- Pelvic Cavity
Anterior
Posterior
Anatomy and Medicine
- Homeostatic imbalance can lead to disorders/diseases
- Disorder = abnormality of structure and/or function
- Disease = specific illness characterized by recognizable set of
symptoms and signs
- Symptoms = subjective changes in body functions not apparent
to observer
- Signs = objective changes that can be observed and measured
Studying Diseases
- Pathology (patho- = disease)
- Studies the nature, causes, and development of abnormal conditions
- Studies the structural and functional changes that diseases produce
- Diagnosis (dia- through; -gnosis = knowledge)
- Identification of a disease or disorder based on scientific
evaluation of symptoms, signs, medical history, physical
examination, etc.
Abdominopelvic Regions
Clavicles
RIGHT
HYPOCHONDRIAC
REGION
EPIGASTRIC
REGION
RIGHT
LUMBAR
REGION
UMBILICAL
REGION
RIGHT INGUINAL
REGION
HYPOGASTRIC
REGION
LEFT
HYPOCHONDRIAC
REGION
LEFT LUMBAR
REGION
LEFT INGUINAL
REGION
(b) Anterior view showing location of abdominopelvic regions
Abdominopelvic Regions
Clavicles
RIGHT
HYPOCHONDRIAC
REGION
EPIGASTRIC
REGION
LEFT
HYPOCHONDRIAC
REGION
Subcostal line
RIGHT
LUMBAR
REGION
UMBILICAL
REGION
RIGHT INGUINAL
REGION
HYPOGASTRIC
REGION
(a) Anterior view showing abdominopelvic regions
LEFT LUMBAR
REGION
Transtubercular line
LEFT INGUINAL
REGION
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
RIGHT UPPER
QUADRANT (RUQ)
RIGHT LOWER
QUADRANT (RLQ)
LEFT UPPER
QUADRANT (LUQ)
LEFT LOWER
QUADRANT (LLQ)
(c) Anterior view showing location of abdominopelvic quadrants
A 52-year-old male patient entered the ER experiencing shortness of
breath, hyperhydrosis, extreme anxiety, and acute severe thoracic pain
that radiates distally to the left brachial region. The patient is also
experiencing pain in the buccal, mental, and cervical regions. Patient
has suffered from angina in the past, and applied a nitroglycerin patch
to the right pelvic region that has had no effect. Patient is resistant to
thermometer, so temperature must be taken from the axillary region.
Angioplasty has been recommended due to past history, and catheter
will be inserted in the medial inguinal region where femoral artery is
located.
A 16-year-old male was brought in experiencing nausea, fatigue,
dizziness, and muscle pains in the cervical, abdominal, femoral,
brachial, sural, dorsal, and gluteal regions. Patient also complains of
severe radiating pain in the superior portion of the cephalic region.
The patient suffered a short seizure during his soccer game before
being brought to the ER. Further assessment showed an increased
body temperature, rapid pulse, and a superficial rash extending distally
bra chial to antebrachial on both upper and lowerlateral limbs. Patient
is also experiencing intermittent emesis. Treat with 0.9% saline IV
inserted at manus region to avoid rash, and wait for further test results