Locomotion
Locomotion:
 The
act or power of moving from
place to place
Vocabulary
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Motile = The ability to move from place to place
Sessile = Lacking the ability to move on their own or being stationary
Muscle contraction = How muscles exert force, by shortening
Exoskeleton = Skeleton on the outside of the body
Endoskeleton = Skeleton on the inside of the body
Pseudopods = Temporary projection of the cell surface
Cilia = Short hair-like fibers on an organism the beat rhythmically
Flagella = Larger hair-like fibers, usually only 1 or 2 per cell
Setae = Tiny bristles on the underside of the earthworm
Advantages for Locomotion
 It
is easier to get food
 It its easier to find shelter
 An organism can move
away from dangerous
conditions or predators
 It is easier to find mates
and reproduce
Locomotion in the Deep Sea
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtj_JSlKXgY
Adaptations in Locomotion
Locomotion in Protists
Amoeba
Paramecium
Euglena
Amoeba
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An organism moves when the cytoplasm
moves into or out of the pseudopods
This movement is also seen in white blood
cells
This movement is also known as amoeboid
movement
To see an amoeba move…
http://www.biophysik.uni-bremen.de/radmacher/animations/amoeba.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Nb6MUF-B5Y
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6rnhiMxtKU&NR=1
Paramecium
 Paramecium
 They
move by cilia beating rhythmically
move quicker than amoeba
To see a paramecium move…
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wdv9eYtXSpE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9ymaSzcsdY&NR=1&feature=fvwp
Euglena

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Euglena moves by one long, thin
structure called a flagella
Whip-like movements pull it
through the water
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGAm6hMysTA&NR=1
Locomotion in the Earthworm
Outer and inner layers of muscles
shorten and lengthen the body
 Setae hook the ground in order for
the body to push and pull forward

To see an earthworm move…
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oH8NMYi7qqw
http://www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=55812
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzSvNNRwGnc
Locomotion in the Grasshopper
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Exoskeleton divided into plates to allow
movement
3 pair of jointed legs
First 2 pair used for walking
Powerful third pair used for jumping
2 pair of wings for flying
To see a grasshopper move…
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cevL1RWcmqQ
The Skeletal System
Bones and Cartilage
Bones
 Are a type of connective tissue
 Act as an attachment for muscles
 Give the body shape and support
 Protect the body’s organs
 Serve as a storage area for minerals (calcium)
 Produce red and white blood cells in the marrow (soft
inside)
 True red marrow produces red blood cells
 The periosteum is the tough layer of connective tissue
that surrounds and protects the bone.
 Two types of bone tissue
 Spongy - light weight but adds strength to bone
 Compact – more dense and stores minerals (calcium)
Bones and Cartilage
Cartilage
 Is a type of connective tissue that bends easily
 Most of the skeleton of an embryo is cartilage
 In adults, it only remains in the joints, the

ears, the nose and at the end of the ribs
Cushions the joints
The Human Skeleton

206 bones

Two main parts
 The axial skeleton
 The appendicular skeleton
The Axial Skeleton
Made up of
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Cranium (skull)
Vertebral column (backbone)
Sternum (breast bone)
Rib cage
The Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral girdle:
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Arm bones
Wrist and hand bones
Scapula (shoulder blades)
Clavicles (collar bones)
Pelvic girdle:
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Pelvis
Leg bones
Ankle and foot bones
Joints
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The place where bones meet is called
a joint
Some are immovable (i.e.. the skull)
Most are moveable
Joints
Moveable joints:
1.
Hinge = elbow and knee
2.
Ball-and-Socket = shoulder
and hip
3.
Pivot = base of the skull
4.
Gliding joint = wrists
Ligaments

Attaches bone to bone
Tendons

Attach muscles to bones
Remember…
Ligaments attach
bone to bone
Tendons attach
muscles to bone
The Human Muscular System
Muscles can exert force when
they contract, or shorten.
 When they contract, they move
the parts of the skeleton (bones)
they are attached to.

The Human Muscular System
There are three types of muscles:
1. Cardiac muscle (heart muscle)
2. Smooth muscle (muscles of the organs and blood
vessels)
3. Skeletal muscles (muscles that move your skeleton
bones)
Cardiac Muscle
Muscle that makes up the heart
 These muscles are involuntary

(you do not have conscious control over their contractions)
Smooth muscles
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Found in the walls of internal organs,
in the walls of arteries, and the
diaphragm
These muscles are involuntary (you do
not have conscious control over their
contractions)
Skeletal muscles
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Voluntary muscles – you do have control of the movement
They are fastened to the bones of the skeleton
Muscle cells fuse together to form muscle fibers
Skeletal muscles
 Muscles
are attached to
the bones by tendons
Skeletal muscles
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There is always a certain amount of tone
in the skeletal muscles – even at rest.
Skeletal muscles are in a state of
readiness known as muscle tone
Skeletal muscles
Muscles can only pull, they cannot push
 Muscles move a joint in antagonistic

pairs
On one side of the joint, the muscle flexes (contacts)
while the other side of the joint extends (relaxes)
The biceps contract
The triceps relax