Chapter 3 Warm-up #1
States Of Matter
 1.)
Which state of matter has
the highest amount of energy
associated with it?
 2.) Which state of matter has
no definite shape but has a
definite volume?
Chapter 3 Warm-up #2
States Of Matter
 1.)
Name the three most used
Temperature scales.
 2.) List three things about a
liquid.
1.) Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin scales
2.)
Definite volume, no definite shape
Molecules freely move with weak attraction between them
Moderate amount of energy compared to the solid or gas form.
Chapter 3
States Of Matter
Temperature Scales
 To
understand the phases of matter
you must understand the motion of
the molecules
 Two types of motion
 Vibration
 The
and straight line motion
motion of Molecules or Atoms is
determined by the amount of heat
available
 Temperature is a measure of heat
Chapter 3
States Of Matter
Temperature Scales
 What
is heat
and how is it
measured?
Chapter 3
States Of Matter
Temperature Scales
 All
materials require different amounts
of heat (energy) to change state.
 Energy
of Iron Video link
Chapter 3
States Of Matter
Temperature Scales
 There
is a lower
limit to
temperature
 The lower limit is
“absolute zero” or
-273 oC for all
substances
 Zero Kelvin or
459.4oF
Chapter 3
States Of Matter
Temperature Scales
 There
is no upper limit to heat!
Chapter 3
States Of Matter
Temperature Scales

The first thermometer was developed by
whom?

Galileo
Chapter 3
States Of Matter
Temperature Scales
 How
do you make a temperature
scale?
 What
things do you need to think
about before designing your scale?
Chapter 3
States Of Matter
Temperature Scales

How do you make a temperature
scale?
Type of liquid in the thermometer and
how it expands
 Types of substances to be measured
 Diameter and length of tube used
 Starting and ending points on the scale

Chapter 3
States Of Matter
Temperature Scales
 There
 1.)
are 3 Temperature Scales
Kelvin Scale
 2.) Celsius Scale
 3.) Fahrenheit Scale
Chapter 3
States Of Matter
Temperature Scales
 Fahrenheit
Scale-developed by
Fahrenheit to show the accuracy
of his equipment
Chapter 3
States Of Matter
Temperature Scales

Celsius Scale-based on the temperature at
which water freezes and boils at standard
pressure equal to 1 atmosphere
Chapter 3
States Of Matter
Temperature Scales
 Kelvin
zero
Scale-starts at absolute
Chapter 3
States Of Matter
Temperature Scales
 Formulas
for Temperature Scale
conversions
 oF to oC
 oC=5/9(oF-32)
 oC
to oF
 oF=9/5(oC)+32
 oC
to K
 K=oC+273
Chapter 3
States Of Matter
 Differences
between states of matter
 Solids
– Definite shape and definite volume
– Lowest amount of energy of the three states
– Atoms/molecules can only vibrate in place and
are fixed in position
Chapter 3
States Of Matter

Differences between states of matter

Liquids–
–
–
–
Definite volume but no definite shape
Take the shape of their container with a surface on top
Have higher energy per molecule than solids
Atoms/molecules are free to move about but are closely
packed together. They slip and slide past one another.
– Properties
 Surface tension-results from an inward pull of one
molecule towards another along the surface
 Viscosity-a liquids resistance to flow

Glass is a very thick viscous liquid
Chapter 3
States Of Matter


Differences between states of
matter
Gases
No definite shape or volume
 Take the shape of the container
 Highest amount of energy
 Most random arrangement of
atoms/molecules
 Atom/Molecules move
independent of one another

 Phase
Change Diagram (for water)
What is happening between each letter on the phase change diagram?
TEMPERATURE
F
A
D
B
C
TIME
E
 Phase
Change Diagram (for water)
From A To B?
TEMPERATURE
Solid: the substance is frozen but warming up.
A
D
B
C
TIME
F
E
 Phase
Change Diagram (for water)
What
At
B? is happening between each letter on the phase change diagram?
TEMPERATURE
Still a solid. The substance reaches its melting point and just begins
F
to melt.
A
D
B
C
TIME
E
 Phase
Change Diagram (for water)
TEMPERATURE
What A
From
is
B To
happening
to C?
B?
between each letter on the phase change diagram?
The temp
Part
Solid stays
and Part
CONSTANT
Liquid: The
while
temp
it melts.
stays CONSTANT while it
substance is frozen but warming up.
Energy goes into the substance and is used to break the bonds
melts.
F
betweengoes
Energy
the molecules
into the substance
thus melting
and isthe
used
substance.
to break the attractive
forces between the molecules (not within the compound) thus
melting the substance.
A
D
B
C
TIME
E
 Phase
Change Diagram (for water)
TEMPERATURE
At C?
Liquid:
All of the substance has turned to a liquid and the temp
can begin to rise.
A
D
B
C
TIME
E
F
 Phase
Change Diagram (for water)
From C to D?
Liquid: The temp of the liquid rises at a steady rate.
TEMPERATURE
F
A
D
B
C
TIME
E
 Phase
Change Diagram (for water)
At D?
Still a Liquid: The liquid begins to boil
TEMPERATURE
F
A
D
B
C
TIME
E
 Phase
Change Diagram (for water)
TEMPERATURE
From D to E?
Part Liquid and Part Gas: The liquid continues to boil at a
constant temp.
The energy is used to break the attractive forces between the
molecules that make up the liquid.
A
D
B
C
TIME
E
F
 Phase
Change Diagram (for water)
At E?
Gas: The last bit of liquid boils away and turns to vapor.
TEMPERATURE
F
A
D
B
C
TIME
E
 Phase
Change Diagram (for water)
TEMPERATURE
From E to F?
Gas: The temp. of the vapor begins to increase with no upper
limit to its temperature. At some point it would turn to a plasma.
A
D
B
C
TIME
E
F
 Phase
Change Diagram (for water)
From F to E?
Gas: The temp. of the vapor is decreasing.
TEMPERATURE
F
A
D
B
C
TIME
E
 Phase
At E?
Gas:
Change Diagram (for water)
The gas begins to condense into a liquid.
TEMPERATURE
F
A
D
B
C
TIME
E
 Phase
Change Diagram (for water)
TEMPERATURE
From E to D?
Part gas part liquid: Condensation of the gas to a liquid. Energy
is released from the gas to the surrounding environment and the gas
F
cools
A
D
B
C
TIME
E
 Phase
Change Diagram (for water)
TEMPERATURE
At D?
Liquid: All the gas has turned to a liquid. The liquid can begin to
cool.
A
D
B
C
TIME
E
F
 Phase
Change Diagram (for water)
At D to C?
Liquid: The liquid continues to cool.
TEMPERATURE
F
A
D
B
C
TIME
E
 Phase
Change Diagram (for water)
At C?
Liquid: Crystallization begins. A solid begins to form.
TEMPERATURE
F
A
D
B
C
TIME
E
 Phase
Change Diagram (for water)
TEMPERATURE
From C to B?
Liquid: Freezing occurs. The substance tries to cool but the
energy released by the freezing process warms the liquid. The
temp stays constant as it freezes. Energy released when the ice
forms = energy removed from the liquid
A
D
B
C
TIME
E
F
 Phase
Change Diagram (for water)
At B?
Solid: Freezing complete.
TEMPERATURE
F
A
D
B
C
TIME
E
 Phase
Change Diagram (for water)
TEMPERATURE
From B to A?
Solid: The solid can begin to cool further eventually reaching its
coldest temp.
A
D
B
C
TIME
E
F
 Phase
Change Diagram (for water)
Pressure
0.5
1.0
Triple Point Phase Diagram
A
B
D
C
A
Temperature
 Phase
Change Diagram (for water)
Pressure
0.5
1.0
Area “A” The pressure is high enough and the temp is low enough
to keep the substance a solid
A
B
D
C
A
Temperature
 Phase
Change Diagram (for water)
Pressure
0.5
1.0
Area “B” The temperature is high but the high pressure keeps it a
liquid
A
B
D
C
A
Temperature
 Phase
Change Diagram (for water)
Pressure
0.5
1.0
Area “C” As the temperature increases so does the pressure but not
enough it keep it a liquid so it turns to a gas.
A
B
D
C
A
Temperature
 Phase
Change Diagram (for water)
Pressure
0.5
1.0
POINT “D” The temperature and pressure are perfectly matched.
The substance can exist in the solid phase, liquid phase and gas
phase all at the same time. This is the “TRIPLE POINT” of the
substance
A
B
D
C
A
Temperature
 Phase
Change Diagram (for water)
Pressure
0.5
1.0
Critical Point: No matter how much pressure the
substance cannot be turned back into a liquid above this
point.
Always a LIQUID
Always a SOLID
A
B
D
Always a GAS
C
A
50oC
Temperature