*
*
In order to perform to their potential, long jumpers must use their muscles and
bones efficiently.
Figure 1 shows a long jumper during the take-off phase of his jump.
Figure 1:
Using Figure 1, complete Table 1 to identify:
(i) the joint actions involved at the hip and ankle of the take-off leg as the
performer leaves the board, (3 marks)
(ii) the names of the main agonists working at the knee and ankle. (3 marks)
Joint
Hip
Knee
Ankle
(i)
Joint action
(i)
Main agonist
Name, sketch and label the lever system operating at the ankle
of the take-off foot. (3 marks)
Figure 2 shows how a gymnast pushes up from a headstand to a
handstand.
Figure 2.
Position A
Position B
a) Name the main ‘agonist’ at the elbow joint in the movement
from position A to position B. (1 mark)
b) Name the ‘type of muscle contraction’ taking place while the
gymnast is stationary at position A and through the movement
phase to position B. (2 marks)
Name, sketch and label the lever system that is operating at the
elbow during the movement from A to B (from previous question).
(3 marks)
Figure 3 shows a games player running.
Figure 3:
The player’s left leg is driving him forward. For the movement
occurring at the knee joint of the drive leg, name:
a)
the ‘axis’ about which the movement is taking place. (1
mark)
b)
c)
the main ‘agonist’ causing the movement. (1 mark)
the ‘joint action’ taking place. (1 mark)
In some games, players kick a ball to keep possession and/or to
gain territory.
Figure 4 shows a footballer kicking a ball.
A
B
(a)What are the names of the articulating bones of the knee joint?
(2 marks)
(b)What joint action takes place at the knee of the kicking leg in
the movement from position A to position B? (1 mark)
(c) What is the name of the main agonist that causes this action in
Figure 4? (1 mark)
Skilled performance is made possible through the effective use of
lever systems.
a) Sketch and label a third class lever system. (3 marks)
b) In your diagram, draw and label the effort arm and the
resistance arm. (2 marks)
c) What are the advantages and disadvantages of third class
levers over the other types of lever systems? (2 marks)
*
For effective performance, games players require oxygen to be
delivered to the muscles and carbon dioxide to be removed.
Explain how oxygen is taken up by haemoglobin from the lungs
and released at the muscle site. (4 marks)
a)
Explain why aerobic training improves the performer’s ability
to transport oxygen. (2 marks)
b)
The alveoli provide the lungs with a large surface area for
diffusion. Name two other structural features of the lungs that
assist diffusion. (2 marks)
Use the information in Figure 1 to explain how oxygen and carbon
dioxide move between the two locations. (3 marks)
Figure 1:
pO2 = 104 mm Hg
pCO2 = 40 mm Hg
Alveolus
pO2 = 40 mm Hg
pCO2 = 46 mm Hg
Blood capillary
a)
How is breathing rate regulated by the body to meet the
increasing demands of exercise during a game of netball? (3
marks)
b)
Describe the process of breathing from the point just before
the start of inspiration until the end of expiration (5 marks)
Figure 2 is a graph showing the typical readings of a spirometer.
Figure 2:
A
D
C
B
E
(a)Which lung volumes are represented by D and E? (2 marks)
(b)How would you expect volumes A, B and C to be affected
during a game of rugby? (3 marks)
During a game of tennis, a player’s breathing rate may vary.
a)
Explain how increases in levels of carbon dioxide and acidity
in the blood cause breathing rate to rise. (3 marks)
b)
Breathing rate increases to get more oxygen into the blood.
Gaseous exchange involves oxygen diffusing across
membranes. Identify the membranes involved in this diffusion
and identify one characteristic of these membranes that
allows diffusion to happen.(2 marks)
a) Explain how oxygen is taken up by haemoglobin from the
lungs and released at the muscle site. (3 marks)
b) Explain why aerobic training improves the performer’s ability
to transport oxygen. (2 marks)
a) Explain the mechanics of breathing which allow a performer to
fill the lungs with air during exercise. (3 marks)
b) How is breathing rate regulated by the body to meet the
increasing demands of exercise during a game of netball? (4
marks)
Table 1 gives some data relating to the percentage
concentrations of gases in air at various points of the breathing
cycle.
Inspired (%)
Expired (%) At
rest
Expired (%)
During exercise
Oxygen
20
16
14
Carbon Dioxide
0.04
4
6
Nitrogen
79
79
79
Water vapour
variable
saturated
saturated
a)
Use the information in the table to explain the functions of
the lungs at rest and during exercise. (3 marks)
b)
Describe those characteristics of the structure of the lungs
that make them an efficient respiratory surface. (3 marks)
The diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the muscle site is an
essential process for muscle activity. Describe how the process of
diffusion works at the muscle site with reference to concepts of
partial pressure and diffusion gradients. (6 marks)
As the 400 metre hurdler’s blood flows around his body, its pressure
and velocity changes, as shown in Table 1:
Pressure
Velocity
Blood vessels A
High
High
Blood vessels B
Low
Low
Blood vessels C
Low
Medium
a)
Which of the blood vessels in Table 2, A, B or C, represents
veins? (1 mark)
b)
c)
State three characteristics or functions of arteries. (3 marks)
Where is myoglobin found in the body and what is its role during
exercise?
a)
During a game, the blood pressure of a player increases. What
factors determine the ‘blood pressure’ in arteries? (3 marks)
b)
During a game, a player’s arterio-venous oxygen difference (avO2 diff) will increase. What is the significance of this
increase in a-vO2 diff to the player? (3 marks)
a) Running helps the 'venous return' mechanism.
Explain how the venous return mechanism works. (3 marks)
b) For effective performance, games players require oxygen to be
delivered to the muscles and carbon dioxide to be removed.
State two ways in which carbon dioxide is transported by the
blood. (2 marks)
a) When a performer is running, blood is redirected to the
working muscles. Explain how this redistribution of blood is
achieved. (3 marks)
b) Figure 1 shows the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve.
i)
Use Figure 1 to explain how oxygen is released by the blood
and supplied to muscles. (2 marks)
ii)
Explain how exercise affects the shape of the curve and the
effect this has on oxygen delivery to the muscles. (4 marks)
a)
State three ways in which carbon dioxide is transported in the
blood. (3 marks)
b)
Explain how oxygen is taken up by haemoglobin from the
lungs and released at the muscle site. (3 marks)
c)
Explain the variation in blood pressure and blood velocity
shown in the graph below. (5 marks)
When competing at maximum effort a performer will experience
changes in the way that blood is distributed around the body
compared to when at rest.
a)
Explain why the blood flow to the brain remains the same at
rest and during the game. (2 marks)
b)
Explain why there is a need for blood flow to increase to the
skeletal muscles during the game and how this is achieved. (4
marks)
During a game of football, a player’s heart rate will vary.
a)
Explain how changes in the acidity of the blood cause the
heart rate to increase during a game of football. (4 marks)
b)
Years of training will eventually result in football players
having a lowered resting heart rate. What term is used to
describe a resting heart rate that is below 60 beats per
minute? (1 mark)
c)
How does a lower resting heart rate affect oxygen delivery to
muscles? (2 marks)
Performers will often use running as part of their training
programme. Both heart rate and stroke volume increase when
running.
(a)Use 'Starling's law of the heart' to explain how stroke volume
increases when running. (3 marks)
(b)Explain how the heart controls the rate at which it beats. (4
marks)
a)
Briefly explain the terms ‘cardiac output’and ‘stroke volume’,
and the relationship between them. (3 marks)
b)
c)
Explain the term cardio-vascular drift. (3 marks)
Explain how it is possible for a trained performer and an
untrained performer to have the same cardiac output for a
given workload.(2 marks)
When a gymnast is performing, the physical demands of exercise
will cause changes to the gymnast’s cardiac output and stroke
volume.
a) What are the effects of training on resting ‘cardiac output’
and ‘stroke volume’? (2 marks)
b) Explain how rising levels of carbon dioxide cause an increase
in cardiac output. (4 marks)
When participating in a sporting activity the physical demands
of exercise are met by increasing blood flow to some areas of
the body.
a)
Explain the terms cardiac output and stroke volume and the
relationship between them. (3 marks)
b)
What are the effects of training on resting cardiac output,
heart rate and stroke volume? (3 marks)
a) Describe how the sinoatrial node (SAN) and the
atrioventricular node (AVN) control the increase in heart rate
during exercise. (6 marks)
b) Both heart rate and stroke volume increase during exercise.
What causes the increase in stroke volume? (2 marks)
c) Explain how structures within the heart control the rate of the
heartbeat. (4 marks)
a) Explain how and why the diet of a competitive weightlifter
may need to differ from that of an untrained individual. (4
marks)
b) Footballers need s‘ tamina’to play the game effectively.
State two classes of food that are most suitable for players who
require stamina and why they are needed in their diet. (3 marks)
Sports performers need to be fit. One possible limit to fitness in
some activities is body fat. A high ’Body Mass Index’ (BMI)
indicates a high percentage body fat and possibly obesity.
a)
b)
How is Body Mass Index (BMI) calculated? (2 marks)
How may o
‘ besity’affect performance in different activities?
(2 marks)
a)
b)
Name the six classes of food. (3 marks)
c)
What are the benefits of having sufficient fibre in a
performer’s diet? (2 marks)
How should the diet required by a marathon runner differ
from an inactive person? (3 marks)
a)
Why do people engaged in physical activity need to make
sure that they eat foods containing sufficient iron and
calcium? (4 marks)
b)
Fat is an important component of an athlete’s diet. Describe
two beneficial functions of dietary fat. (2 marks)
c)
Why is excess fat considered to be a disadvantage to an
endurance athlete? (4 marks)
a)
b)
What is basal metabolic rate? (2 marks)
c)
What are the main health risks to being obese? (2 marks)
How could you measure the amount of fat in the body of an
athlete? (2 marks)
a) Explain how a diet containing sufficient ‘vitamins’ and
‘minerals’ contributes to effective performance. (2 marks)
b) Netball players should have a suitably balanced diet for their
sport. What do you understand by the term balanced diet? (1
mark)
c) What are the advantages and disadvantages of a netball player
having a diet rich in fat? (4 marks)
Many people play tennis as a way of improving their fitness.
a)
Explain the difference between the terms health and fitness.
(1 mark)
b)
Explain how the health of a performer may affect their fitness.
(2 marks)
The different types of events in athletics require different
components of fitness.
a)
Name two components of skill-related fitness required by a
400 metre hurdler. (1 mark)
b)
Name two components of health-related fitness required by a
shot putter. (1 mark)
Football is a popular team sport played in the UK. Football
players require a good level of stamina if they are to be
successful.
a)
What do you understand by the term ‘stamina’ and why is it
an important component of fitness for football players? (2
marks)
b)
Name two other components of fitness and, using examples,
explain why each component is important in a game of
football. (3 marks)
Weightlifting requires different types of strength.
a) Name and describe the different types of strength used during
weightlifting. (2 marks)
b) Apart from strength, name and describe another component of
fitness that is needed for weightlifting. (1 mark)
Performers in team games such as netball need to be suitably
prepared to meet the demands of the game.
a)
In order to play netball effectively, performers need to be fit.
What do you understand by the term fitness? (1 mark)
b)
Discuss whether you must be healthy in order to be fit. (2
marks)
Many people participate in physical activity to maintain their
health and to improve their fitness.
a)
Give an appropriate definition for each of these terms. (2
marks)
b)
Give two reasons why it is possible that a person may be
considered to be fit but not healthy. (4 marks)
Power may be considered to be a major fitness component
required for gymnastics.
a)
b)
What do you understand by the term ‘power’? (2 marks)
Name and describe two other fitness components that you
consider to be important for gymnastics. (4 marks)
A defender in a team game has to sprint for the ball, stop and
then change direction to mark an attacker. The attacker moves
towards goal and the defender has to stretch to win the ball.
Define three components of skill-related fitness that have been
used in this period of play and state when they were used. (6
marks)
The choices we make about our lifestyle can have negative
effects upon our health and fitness.
a)
State three lifestyle choices that can have an effect upon our
health and fitness. (3 marks)
b)
Choose one of the answers in part (a) and discuss how you
could help somebody else change their lifestyle. (3 marks)