Speaker : Engr. Merlito Castor Catolico
PRC Accredited Speaker No. 071
Real Estate Broker/Appraiser /Consultant
(4 hours)
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GEODETIC ENGINEERING LAW (RA 8560)
AN ACT REGULATING THE PRACTICE OF GEODETINC
ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES
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The practice of Geodetic Engineering is a
professional and organized act of gathering
physical data on the surface of the earth with
the use of precision instruments.
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DETERMINE METES AND BOUNDS
 is a system or method of describing land, real property
(in contrast to personal property) or real estate
 Metes = boundary defined by distances and direction
 Bounds = more general boundary description
SUBDIVISION / CONSOLIDATION SURVEYS
 SKETCH PLAN
 PARCELLARY SURVEYS
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Source :
http://www.mooresbay.co.nz/subdivision_plan
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Real Estate Brokers need to know basic surveying
Three elements of space in surveying
 Cardinal direction in surveying
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How Real Property described
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What are the different kinds of land survey
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Read maps?
Map symbols
 Scale
 Topographic maps
 Important informations in a map?
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WHAT IS LAND SURVEY?
MAP?
SITE?
LOCATION?
METES AND BOUNDS ?
SUBDIVISION / CONSOLIDATION
SURVEYS ?
SKETCH PLAN ?
PARCELLARY SURVEYS ?
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Cadastral Survey = creates or re-establishes,
marks, and defines boundaries of tracts of lands.
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Hectare = 10,000 square meters
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Kilometer (km) = 1,000 meters
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Meridian (or line of longitude) = true north
and south line extending from an initial point in
both direction
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True Meridian = Line or plane passing through
geographical north pole and geographical south pole
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Ante meridiem ? (from Latin Meridies or mid-day)
Post meridiem ?
Magnetic Meridians = is an imaginary line connecting
the magnetic south and north poles and can be taken as
the magnetic force lines along the surface of the earth.
Magnetic Declination = angle between the magnetic
and the true meridian
Metes and Bounds = A common method of land
description that identifies a property by specifying the
shape and boundary dimensions of the parcel, using
terminal points and angles.
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Original Survey = cadastral survey which creates land boundaries
and marks them for the first time
Plat = A surveyed map of a town, section, or subdivision
indicating the exact locations and boundaries of individual
properties, streets, easements, and public recreation areas.
Setback = Zoning restrictions on the amount of bare land
required surrounding improvements; the amount of space
required between the lot line and the building line
Subdivision = Land that has been divided by the owner
(subdivider) into individual parcels or lots which have been
grouped into blocks. These lots, together with streets, alleys,
parks, schools, planned commercial areas, and public utility
easements, are recorded on a plat
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Survey = The process by which boundaries are measured and the
locations or forms of land areas are determined
Easement = areas of land owned by the property owner, but in which
other parties, such as utility companies, may have limited rights
granted for a specific purpose.
Right-of-way = a parcel of land granted by deed or easement for
construction and maintenance according to a designated use. This
may include highways, streets, canals, ditches, or other uses
Latitude = A measure of relative position north or south on the
Earth's surface, measured in degrees from the equator, which has a
latitude of 0°, with the poles having a latitude of 90° north and south
Longitude = is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east-west
position of a point on the Earth's surface
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Prime Meridian = the longitude that passes through the
Royal Observatory, Greenwich, England, establishes the
position of zero degrees longitude.
Mean Sea Level = is a measure of the average height of the
ocean's surface (such as the halfway point between the mean
high tide and the mean low tide)
Datum = is a reference from which measurements are made
Contour Lines = a line on a map joining points of equal
height above or below sea level
Topographic Map = is a type of map characterized by largescale detail and quantitative representation of relief
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Find the location of the point in the map
Look for the Index Contour
Find the elevation
Determine the direction of the slope
Count the contour intervals
Interpolate
http://raider.mountunion.edu/~mcnaugma/
topographic%20maps/contour.htm
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Bearings = Bearings are used to indicate angular
orientation with respect to the earth
Benchmark = A survey mark made on a monument
having a known location and elevation, serving as
a reference point for surveying.
Tie Line = A survey line that connects a point to
other surveyed lines
Property Line = describes the legal boundary of a
parcel of land
BLLM = Bureau of Lands Location Monument
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TCT = Transfer Certificate of Title
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OCT = Original Certificate of Title
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Free-Patent = is a legitimate proof of ownership of
public land in the Philippines granted by the
Philippine government. It is an agreement between
the government and the grantee, that he or she is
charged of developing the land within a specified
period of time.
Consolidation and Subdivision Survey = land
survey of more than two contiguous lots merging
to form a single lot, and a single lot subdivided
into two or more lots, respectively.
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CAD = Cadastral Survey
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Csd = subdivision survey of Cadastral Lot
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Psd = subdivision survey of a titled properties. All Psd surveys
are conducted by a Private Geodetic Engineer
Bsd - Is a subdivision survey on government titled properties
conducted by a Government Geodetic Engineer. If a private
titled land is being surveyed by a Government Geodetic
Engineer thru court order, the resulting survey is a Bsd.
Psu - is a survey on original land (not yet surveyed) by a
private Geodetic Engineer. This kind of survey will be used by
titling thru judicial proceedings (means thru court order).
FP - Free Patent survey by a Private Geodetic Engineer
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Triangulation = a series of connected triangles which
adjoin or overlap each other, with angles being
measured from determined fixed stations
Trilateration = uses electronic distance measuring
equiAMent to directly measure the lengths of the sides
of triangles from which the angles can be calculated
Traverse = consists of a series of lines, whose lengths
and directions are measured, connecting points whose
positions are to be determined
 open traverse begins at a point of known position and ends at a station
whose relative position is unknown.
 closed traverse begins and ends at the same point whose position is
known
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Leveling is the operation of determining differences of
elevation by measuring vertical distances directly on a
graduated rod with the use of a leveling instrument
such as a dumpy level, transit or Theodolites. This
method is called Direct Leveling or Differential
leveling
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Indirect leveling can be done using the principle that
differences in elevation are proportional to the
differences in atmospheric pressure
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Radiation is a surveying technique often used in
conjunction with a plane table
FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS
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is the science and art of making all essential
measurements to determine the relative position of
points or physical and cultural details above, on, or
beneath the surface of the Earth, and to depict
them in a usable form, or to establish the position
of points, or details.
Surveying Uses :
 Mathematics
 Geometry
 Trigonometry
 Physics
 Engineering
 Law
Plane surveying = considers the
earth to be a flat surface-- a
plane
 Geodetic surveying = takes into
account the true shape of the
earth.
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TYPES OF SURVEYING
ACCORDING TO USE
Detailed Engineering:
These are carried for engineering feasibility studies,
ground terrain analysis, design planning and during
actual construction phase.
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Topographic Survey
Contour Mapping
Hydrographic Survey
Construction Layout
Highway & Bridge Design Survey
As-built Construction Survey
Ground Control Establishment :
These are carried in surveys that require a high degree of accuracy
with regards to both relative and absolute geodetic position.
GPS Geodetic Control Survey
 Vertical Control Leveling
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Property Boundary :
These surveys are carried primarily to determine and
establish the legal boundary of real properties.
 Cadastral Survey
 Parcellary Survey
 Subdivision Consolidation
Survey
 Boundary Relocation Survey
TYPES OF SURVEYING
ACCORDING TO USE
Route Alignment :
These services are required during the design &
actual construction of road alignment and
river embankment structures to determine the
condition of the existing terrain.
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Road Alignment
Profile Cross-Section Survey
River Survey
DISTANCE = the extent or amount of space
between two things, points, lines, etc.
DIRECTION = a position on a line extending
from a specific point toward a point of
the compass or toward the nadir or the
zenith
ELEVATION = height above a fixed reference
point
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NORTH
SOUTH
EAST
WEST
PACING
 Distance = Pace factor × Number of Paces
Homework:
A Real Estate Broker walked along a given straight
line in a horizontal ground that was known to be
60 m long, in order to determine her average unit
pace. She paced the line five times, recording 78,
76.5, 77, 87, and 76 paces, respectively.
a.
Determine her average unit pace, or Pace Factor (PF).
b. If the said broker then counted an average of 123.5 paces
while pacing off the line of unknown distance, what is
the distance?
Remarks:
Pace Factor (PF) = Distance ÷ Average Paces
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Taping EquiAMents
clisimeter
Transit, or Level; and stadia
Total Station
EDM
A simple measuring wheel mounted on a
rod can be used to determine distances, by
pushing the rod and rolling the wheel
along the line to be measured.
An attached device called an odometer
serves to count the number of turns of the
wheels
From the known circumference of the
wheel and the number of revolutions,
distances for reconnaissance can be
determined with relative accuracy of about
1:200.
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WHAT IS A COMPASS?
is a navigational instrument that measures directions in
a frame of reference that is stationary relative to the
surface of the earth
 The frame of reference defines the four cardinal directions
(or points) – north, south, east, and west.
 Intermediate directions are also defined.
 a diagram called a compass rose, which shows the
directions (with their names usually abbreviated to
initials), is marked on the compass.
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It is used for you to find north. The arrow that stays
in a direction points north .
Can used for orienting a map
Can be use to find direction
Can be use to find location
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What is a compass survey?
(BONUS PRESENTATION FOR
YOUR INFO – STUDY LATER )
Orienting, or aligning, the map
is really easy with just 3 steps:
• Lay your map out on a
relatively flat, smooth surface.
• Turn your declination-adjusted
compass dial so due North is at
the index pointer.
• Place your compass on your
map with the edge of the base
plate parallel to the north-south
meridians on the map.
• Turn the map and compass
together until the compass
needle is "boxed" in the
orienting arrow
The Shadow-Tip Method
1.
Place a stick upright in the ground so that you can see its shadow. Alternatively, you can use
the shadow of a fixed object. Nearly any object will work, but the taller the object is, the easier it
will be to see the movement of its shadow, and the narrower the tip of the object is, the more
accurate the reading will be. Make sure the shadow is cast on a level, brush-free spot.
2.
Mark the tip of the shadow with a small object, such as a pebble, or a distinct scratch in the
ground. Try to make the mark as small as possible so as to pinpoint the shadow's tip, but make
sure you can identify the mark later.
3.
Wait 10-15 minutes. The shadow tip will move mostly from west to east in a curved line.
4.
Mark the new position of the shadow's tip with another small object or scratch. It will likely
move only a short distance.
5.
Draw a straight line in the ground between the two marks. This is an approximate east-west
line.
6.
Stand with the first mark (west) on your left, and the other (east) on your right. You are now
facing mostly toward true north, regardless of where you are in the world.
This method is based on the fact that the sun moves across the sky from East to West.
Lines of Latitude
Example: Equator = “0 °”
latitude
Lines of Longitude
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Also called “meredian”
“0 ° “ Longitude passes at Greenwich, England
(by convention)
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If you know where you are on the map, you should be
able to look in any direction and see the objects
represented on the map in the same direction.
If you can see a known mountain in one direction and
a lake off another way, then just lay the map out, and
turn it so the corresponding marks on the map align
with the distant features.
You can verify the location of your subject
property – on the ground
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LAND = the Earth's surface extending downward to the center of
the Earth and upward to infinity, including permanently attached
natural objects.
SITE = a parcel of land which improved to the extent that it is
ready for use for the purpose of which it is intended
LOT = is a tract or parcel of land owned or meant to be owned by
some owner(s), with documented defined boundaries (or borders)
LOCATION = an economic characteristic of real estate composed
of immobility, constant change, dependence, and elements of
special distribution
REAL ESTATE includes everything in the definition of Land, plus
all things permanently attached to it naturally or artificially.
REAL PROPERTY includes Real Estate plus the interests,
benefits and rights automatically included with the ownership of
the Real Estate - Possession, Control, Enjoyment, Exclusion, and
Disposition.
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Direction (Using internet, example: Google
earth)
Lot Plan / Vicinity Map / Location Map
Means of Transportation
Access Roads/Routes
Reference Point (adjacent properties / land
marks) and Specific Distances, or Time Frame
Land Use
Contact persons
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Survey Maps
Vicinity or Location Map
Tax map
Land Title
Sketch Plan
Owner
Owner’s Agent
Internet (ie… Google Map)
Barangay/ Purok Officials
Neighbors
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Technical Approach
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Layman’s Approach
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By relocation Survey
Direction of a
knowledgeable person
Semi-Skilled Approach
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Sketching/Plotting with the use of:
 Compass and Tape
 Angular estimate and Pacing
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Use of a GPS
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Metes and Bound method = a "bounded by" description
Uses = appears in instruments such as sale contracts, deeds and
other agreements relating to the property
Boundaries = uses physical features and geographical references
to identify and describe the property's dimensions.
Importance = legal description is also helpful in identifying
property boundaries when making alterations or improvements,
so a proper description is essential in preventing or deciding
boundary disputes between neighboring property owners.
Lot and Block System = With a subdivision plat or map, the plat
or map is divided into smaller blocks, with individual lots
demarcated within the blocks.
Map Scale = indicates the relationship between a
certain distance on the map and the distance on the
ground. Often located in the “legend box”
Types of Scales:
1.
Ratio or Representative Fraction (RF)
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2.
Word statement
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3.
Example: 1/100,000 or 1:100,000
"One centimeter equals ten kilometers.“
Graphic Scale
Map of the Philippines
LATITUDE
LONGITUDE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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10.
11.
12.
Legend, or Key = will show the user what different symbols mean
Orientation / Direction = a north arrow (pointing in the correct direction)
for user to determine direction
Scale = See previous explanation
Neatline = the border of a map, to define the edge of the map area
Title = provides important clues about the cartographer's intentions and
goals
Color / Color Scheme = used on maps to signify a relationship to the
object or feature on the ground
Latitude and Longitude/ Projection = See previous presentation
Cartographer = The authority behind the composition of the map
Date of Production = needed for the user to determine the meaning and
value of some maps since such as those relating to current affairs or
weather are time sensitive.
Locator Maps = a "helper" or locator map that places the body of the map
within a larger geographical context
Inset Maps = additional close-up, "zoomed-in" maps of these small areas
Index Maps = labels and other information
For your Real Estate Brokerage.
Appraisal, and
Consultancy Needs
Contact: Engr. Merlito Castor Catolico
0917 716 5538