Ch 17 Notes
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Ch 17 – The West Transformed I can understand how the growth of big business affected the development of the West read pgs. 574-581 bullet points p.601 • • • • _____________________ ________________________ _______________________ _________________________ _____________________ ________________________ _______________________ _________________________ _____________________ ________________________ _______________________ _________________________ _____________________ ________________________ _______________________ _________________________ _____________________ ________________________ _______________________ _________________________ _____________________ ________________________ _______________________ _________________________ _____________________ ________________________ _______________________ _________________________ _____________________ ________________________ _______________________ _________________________ _____________________ ________________________ _______________________ _________________________ ____________________ ________________________ _______________________ _____ Ch 17 Sec 1 Mining and Railroads •I can understand how mining and railroads drew people to the West All the Gold in California • Gold discovered in CA. 1849 • People came Comstock Lode • 1859 – Gold found – Nevada- Comstock property • Gold was hard to get • Miners found silver • Easy to get Virginia City • 20 year mine • $300 million in silver • 4.8 billion today Black Hills mines • Hard to get at gold Alaska Gold Rush – 1890’s Boom Town Life • Tent cities • Bad facilities Women’s work • Women did well • Opened - Restaurants - Laundries - Bakeries Who else made money? •Large companies •Equipment suppliers Immigrants • Over ½ foreign 1. Spanish 2. Italian 3. German 4. Chinese • Chinese discriminated against Frontier Justice - Vigilantes GIVE HIM A FAIR TRIAL THEN HANG HIM Bridging the Mississippi • 1856 – First Mississippi railroad bridge • Rock Island Illinois Incentives • RR’s got 10 square miles of free land for every 1 mile of track laid • 1 sq mile = 640 acres IMAGINE An acre is approx. the size of a football field • RR’s got 6,400 football fields either side of their track per mile Problems - Distance Dangerous Work COLD Avalanche Mountains BIG Bridges Tunnels May 10, 1869 Transcontinental Railroad completed Look at Map pg 580 •Where do major western towns develop? Effects • Population increase • New States - Nevada - Colorado - North and South Dakota - Montana - Wyoming - Washington - Idaho read pgs. 584-589 bullet points p.601 • • • • _____________________ ________________________ _______________________ _________________________ _____________________ ________________________ _______________________ _________________________ _____________________ ________________________ _______________________ _________________________ _____________________ ________________________ _______________________ _________________________ _____________________ ________________________ _______________________ _________________________ _____________________ ________________________ _______________________ _________________________ _____________________ ________________________ _______________________ _________________________ _____________________ ________________________ _______________________ _________________________ _____________________ ________________________ _______________________ _________________________ ____________________ ________________________ _______________________ _____ Ch 17 Sec 2 Native Americans Struggle to Survive • I can understand the consequences of the conflict between the Native Americans and the settlers. •People are moving west through Indian land •Are there problems? •What is the solution? 1851 Ft. Laramie Treaty Ft. Laramie Treaty 1851 • Guaranteed tribal lands • Guaranteed safe passage on Oregon Trail • Tribes paid $50,000 per year for 10 years Are There any Problems? • Money or products are not paid • People stop and build on Indian land • Then, 1859 - GOLD!!! • Who will the Government protect, the Indians or the settlers and miners? • What will the Government do now? • New treaties • Cheyenne and Arapaho give up much of their land • Some warriors object, attack settlers • Nov. 29, 1864 – Peaceful group attacked by 700 cavalry • 133 men, women, children dead A Beginning • Sand Creek Massacre starts an era of war • One of the most feared soldiers were the, “Buffalo Soldiers” • Who were the Buffalo soldiers? Buffalo • By 1870, herds start to shrink • Buffalo important to Native Americans Why do herds shrink? Reservations • Areas reserved for Native Americans • Many problems Corrupt Indian Agents Poor land Continued invasion 1874 – GOLD!! • Black Hills in Dakotas • Invasion of Sioux and Cheyenne land • Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse lead fight to keep settlers out. IN THIS CORNER IN THE OTHER CORNER DETAILS • Custer sent to force Sitting Bull and Crazy horse onto reservation • Custer learns they are in the Little Big Horn River area of Montana • Custer attacks DETAILS • Custer is excited • Rides hard to area • Help only 30 miles away (2,000 men) • Custer disregards threat and attacks •1,800 Native Americans versus 210 American Cavalry JUNE 26, 1876 •2 YEARS LATER, TOO MANY SOLDIERS FOR THE NATIVE AMERICANS TO FIGHT Other Tribes • Nez Perce – Idaho, Oregon, Washington • Horse and cattle breeders Nez Perce • Chief Joseph objected to reservation • Tried to flee • Captured and returned 1877 The Ghost Dance • Some N.A’s (Native Americans) dreamed of returning to old ways • Late 1880’s Ghost Dance appeared • Dancers in trance – swaying movement • Dreamed talking to ghosts Ghost Dance • Believed 1. Ancestors would return 2. Buffalo would return 3. White men would leave • Soldiers afraid of uprising Ghost Dance • Dec. 1890 – Tribal police go to stop dancing and arrest Sitting Bull • Sitting Bull killed Wounded Knee • Sioux flee • Caught at Wounded Knee S.D. • Giving up guns a shot heard • Soldiers open fire killing 200 Navaho Navaho home - temporary Navaho home Navaho • Raised sheep, horses, cattle • Raided white settlements • Finally defeated 1864 • The Long Walk Apache • Arizona – New Mexico area • Led by Geronimo • 1876-1886 Reform 1881 – Helen Hunt Jackson records treaties broken by U.S. in her book INDIAN TERRITORY Dawes Act - 1887 • Buy em out!! • Each Native American got 160 acres of farm land • Set up schools Failed Experiment • Few Native Americans took to farming WHY? • Many sold their land cheap Consequences • Indian agents took power • Replaced native leaders • Native Americans gave up traditional ways • Remained poor and dependant bullet points p. 601 • read pgs. 590-594 • • ___________________________________ __________________________________ ____________________________________ ___________________________________ __________________________________ ____________________________________ ___________________________________ __________________________________ ____________________________________ ___________________________________ __________________________________ ____________________________________ ___________________________________ __________________________________ ____________________________________ ___________________________________ __________________________________ ____________________________________ ___________________________________ __________________________________ ____________________________________ ___________________________________ __________________________________ ____________________________________ ___________________________________ __________________________________ ____________________________________ ___________________________________ __________________________________ ____________________________________ Ch 17 Sec 3 •I can identify what factors led to boom or bust in the cattle industry Development of Longhorns How did longhorns develop? • Cross between Spanish and British cattle • Cattle roamed free • When RR developed, made cattle ranching profitable Long drives •Sometimes as much as 1000 miles •Different trails Cattle Trails The Long Ride •Time – 2 to 3 months •Path – Followed established trails •Trails led to Railroads and breeding centers RISKS • Lack of water • Lightning • Swift rivers • Grass fires • Swamp • Thieves Spanish Roots - Vaqueros Vaqueros • Spanish for cowboy • Ride • Rope • Brand • Chaps • Hat Ethnicity • Hispanic – 15% • African Americans -25% • White Civil War Veterans – 60% • Average age - Young Cattle Shipping Towns • Abilene • Dodge • Kansas City • Wichita • Denver • Cheyenne Cattle Breeding Towns Cowboy Myth •Gunfights •Good guy - Bad guy •Buffalo Bill’s Wild west Show Sitting Bull – Before He Died •1885 •50.00 per week •4 months Boom or Bust • Cattle drives lasted until 1880’s • Railroads to most locations halted drives • Original price $5.00 • Sold for $60.00 • With new railroads, no longer cost effective Other Problems • Free pastures fenced in • Sheep grazing • Drought 1886-87 • Depression read pgs. 595-599 bullet points p.601 • • • • _____________________ ________________________ _______________________ _________________________ _____________________ ________________________ _______________________ _________________________ _____________________ ________________________ _______________________ _________________________ _____________________ ________________________ _______________________ _________________________ _____________________ ________________________ _______________________ _________________________ _____________________ ________________________ _______________________ _________________________ _____________________ ________________________ _______________________ _________________________ _____________________ ________________________ _______________________ _________________________ _____________________ ________________________ _______________________ _________________________ ____________________ ________________________ _______________________ _____ Ch 17 Sec 4 Farming in the West •I can understand how farmers on the Plains struggled to make a living Homesteading • Homestead Act of 1862 1. Free 160 acres 2. Live there for 5 years 3. It’s yours Problems • Little money to move • Too dry • Too little land to make profit • Land companies illegally bought land Railroads • Gave away land • Recruited people to farm WHY ? • More farms = More shipping = More $$$ A Hard Life •Scarce water •Hard to grow crops •Plains covered in sod SOD • Dirt with deep tangled roots • Baked hard • Cool in summer – Warm in winter • http://americanhistory.si.edu/ourstory/f/sodh ouse.html Sod Busters •Fertile soil but hard to plow Hard to plow • Iron and Wooden plows broke • Solution ? John Deere Plow The Sod Buster - 1877 Seed Drill McCormick Reaper Water Windmills Ogallala Aquifer Ogallala Aquifer • Ancient rock filled valleys • Streams allowed water in • Rock covered over by dirt • Depth of water 3’ to 1000’ • Wells, 100’ – 400’ 1/5 of wheat, corn, cotton, cattle Barbed Wire - 1874 Farm Families • Everyone worked • Little school education Exoduster By early 1880’s, 70,000 blacks had settled in Kansas Mexican Americans • New white settlers arrived in SW • Found farmers and sheepherders • Many lived there before 1848 • Spanish speaking residents fought to keep land Last Land Rush • Former Indian Territory now open • April 1889, 100,000 people lined up at Oklahoma City, OK • On signal rushed onto land • Some had snuck out early and grabbed land SOONERS CONSEQUENCE •By 1890, NO more land for homesteading FARM CRISIS •Big farmers made money •Little farmers did not •Surplus led to low prices How did it happen? • Farmers borrow money for land and machinery • Low prices, can’t pay loans WHAT HAPPENS? •Banks foreclose – take land and machines The Grange • Social and educational program for farmers • Developed into economic protest Farmers Alliance • Organized group • Formed cooperatives WHAT IS A COOPERATIVE? • Farmers pool their money • Make large purchases of tools, seed and supplies Populist Party • Unhappy farmers and unions • Joined together • Demanded reforms 1. Gov’t owned railroads 2. Gov’t owned warehouses to control grain distribution 3. Income tax replace property tax 4. 8 hour workday Populist Party • Silver and gold for money • More money = rising prices • Rising prices, farmers can pay debts Election 1896 POPULISTS • William Jennings Bryan REPUBLICANS • William McKinley
