C.W. Shelmerdine
Introduction to Greek
2nd edition
(Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008)
Chapters 31-33
leftovers
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
1. The perfect system
2. The perfect and pluperfect active indicative
of regular verbs (4th principal part)
3. The perfect and pluperfect middle/passive
indicative of regular verbs (5th principal part)
4. The dative of personal agent
5. The perfect infinitive (4th and 5th principal
parts)
6. Result (consecutive) clauses
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
6. Result (consecutive) clauses
•
•
This chapter introduces ways to express result in
ancient Greek.
A result clause (also called a “consecutive”
clause), as its name suggests, refers to one action
which is the result of another action.
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
6. Result (consecutive) clauses
•
English can express several types of result
clauses:
–
–
–
Socrates is such a great man that he always tells the
truth.
Socrates is so wise that he always tells the truth.
Socrates is too wise not to tell the truth.
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
6. Result (consecutive) clauses
•
In Greek, ὥστε introduces a result clause.
Usually a word such as οὕτως, τοιοῦτος or
τοσοῦτος sets up the clause:
–
ὁ Σωκράτης τοσοῦτός ἐστιν ὥστε τἀληθῆ
λέγει ἀεί .
•
–
Socrates is such a great man that he always tells the truth.
οὕτως ὁ Σωκράτης σοφός ἐστιν ὥστε τἀληθῆ
λέγει ἀεί.
•
Socrates is so wise that he always tells the truth.
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
6. Result (consecutive) clauses
•
If a comparative sets up the clause, ἤ will also
appear:
–
–
ὁ Σωκράτης σοφώτερός ἐστιν ἢ ὥστε τὰ ψευδῆ
εἶπεν.
Socrates is too wise to have told lies. (Socrates is
wiser than to have told lies).
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
6. Result (consecutive) clauses
•
If the result has not actually happened, but is
hypothetical or theoretical, the verb in the result
clause becomes an infinitive:
–
ὁ Σωκράτης τοιοῦτός ἐστιν ὥστε τἀληθῆ
λέγειν ἀεί.
•
–
Socrates is the sort of person who always tells the truth.
ὁ Σωκράτης σοφός ἐστιν ὥστε τὰ ψευδῆ μὴ
λέγειν.
•
Socrates is wise enough not to tell lies.
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
for next class (Tuesday, April 26, 2011):
• Quiz: Vocabulary Chapter 32
– Verbs: omit ἐκβαίνω
• Prepare Xenophon Reading
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
1. The 2nd (strong) perfect active
2. Reduplication
3. The perfect middle/passive of consonant stem
verbs
4. The perfect active participle
5. The perfect middle/passive participle
6. Supplementary participles not in indirect
statement
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
6. Supplementary participles not in indirect
statement
•
You have seen a number of verbs which complete their
meaning with an infinitive:
–
–
•
ἐθέλω μένειν. “I want to stay.”
κελεύω σε μένειν. “I order you to stay.”
This use of the infinitive is called the “complementary
infinitive.”
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
6. Supplementary participles not in indirect
statement
•
•
•
Some verbs complete their meaning with a circumstantial
participle.
This use of the participle is called the “supplementary
participle” but is really just a technical term for a
specialized use of circumstantial participles for verbs that
virtually always use them.
This section gives examples of three verbs which use
supplementary participles: τυγχάνω, λανθάνω and
φθάνω.
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
6. Supplementary participles not in indirect
statement
τυγχάνω means “meet by chance”
•
–
•
An accompanying supplementary participle expresses what
the subject happens to be doing at the time.
–
•
τυγχάνω τοῦ φύλακος. “I meet the guard by chance” or “I
happen to run into the guard.”
τυγχάνω βαίνων οἴκαδε. “I happen to be walking home.”
Notice that English normally expresses this idea with an
infinitive (“to walk”) rather than a participle.
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
6. Supplementary participles not in indirect
statement
λαγχάνω means “escape notice.” The accompanying
supplementary participle expresses what the subject is
doing at the time.
•
–
–
•
λαγχάνω τὸν φύλακα φεύγων. “I escape the guard’s notice
while I escape”  “I escape without the guard noticing.”
λαγχάνω φεύγων. “I escape without being noticed.”
Notice that English makes the action of the participle
(“escape”) the main verb.
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
6. Supplementary participles not in indirect
statement
φθάνω means “do something before” someone or anyone
else. The accompanying supplementary participle expresses
what the subject does.
•
–
–
•
φθάνω τὸν ἵππον ἄγων. “As I lead the horse, I am doing it
before anyone else.”  “I lead the horse first.”
φθάνω σε τὸν ἵππον ἄγων.“I lead the horse before you do.”
Notice that English makes the action of the participle
(“lead”) the main verb.
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
for next class (Wednesday, April 27, 2011):
• Quiz: Vocabulary Chapter 33
• Continue Xenophon Reading
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
1.
2.
3.
4.
The perfect subjunctive and optative
Numbers
Declension of numbers
The negative pronouns/adjectives οὐδείς
and μηδείς
5. Clauses of fearing
6. Indirect questions
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
2. Numbers
•
Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal
numbers. The numbers one, two, three and four
decline (see 33.3), but the rest do not:
one: εἷς, μία, ἕν
two: δύο
three: τρεῖς, τρία
four: τέτταρες, τέτταρα
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
2. Numbers
•
Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal
numbers:
five: πέντε
six: ἕξ
seven: ἑπτά
eight: ὀκτώ
nine: ἐννέα
ten: δέκα
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
2. Numbers
•
Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal
numbers:
eleven: ἕνδεκα
twelve: δώδεκα
thirteen: τρεῖς καὶ δέκα
fourteen: τέτταρες καὶ δέκα
fifteen: πεντεκαίδεκα
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
2. Numbers
•
Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal
numbers:
sixteen: ἑκκαίδεκα
seventeen: ἑπτακαίδεκα
eighteen: ὀκτωκαίδεκα
nineteen: ἐννεακαίδεκα
twenty: εἴκοσι(ν)
twenty one: εἷς καὶ εἴκοσι(ν) κτλ
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
2. Numbers
•
Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal
numbers:
thirty: τριάκοντα
forty: τετταράκοντα
fifty: πεντήκοντα
sixty: ἑξήκοντα
seventy: ἑβδομήκοντα
eighty: ὀγδοήκοντα
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
2. Numbers
•
Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal
numbers. Numbers two hundred and higher
decline again:
ninety: ἐνενήκοντα
hundred: ἑκατόν
two hundred: διακόσιοι –αι –α
three hundred: τριακόσιοι –αι –α
four hundred: τετρακόσιοι –αι –α
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
2. Numbers
•
Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal
numbers:
five hundred: πεντακόσιοι –αι –α
six hundred: ἑξακόσιοι –αι –α
seven hundred: ἑπτακόσιοι –αι –α
eight hundred: ὀκτακόσιοι –αι –α
nine hundred: ἐνακόσιοι –αι –α
thousand: χίλιοι –αι –α
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
2. Numbers
•
Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal
numbers:
two thousand: δισχίλιοι –αι –α
three thousand: τρισχίλιοι –αι –α
ten thousand: μύριοι –αι –α
twenty thousand: δισμύριοι –αι –α (δύο μυριάδες)
hundred thousand: δεκακισμύριοι –αι –α
hundred million: μυριάκις μύριοι –αι –α
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
2. Numbers
•
In the classical period, inscriptions show the
following numerals:
1. |
2. ||
3. |||
4. ||||
5. Γ
6. Γ |
10. Δ (δέκα)
20. ΔΔ
100. Η (ἑκατόν)
200. ΗΗ
1000. Χ (χίλιοι)
10,000. Μ (μύριοι)
50. ΓΔ
6000. ΓΧ Χ
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
2. Numbers
•
After the second century BC, alphabetic
numerals are used (but rare in Greek texts):
1. α’
2. β’
3. γ’
4. δ’
5. ε’
6. ς’
7. ζ’
8. η’
9. θ’
10. ι’
11. ια’ κτλ
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
2. Numbers
•
After the second century BC, alphabetic
numerals are used (but rare in Greek texts):
20. κ’
30. λ’
40. μ’
50. ν’
60. ξ’
70. ο’
80. π’
90. Ϙ’
100. ρ’
200. σ’
300. τ’
400. υ’
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
2. Numbers
•
After the second century BC, alphabetic
numerals are used (but rare in Greek texts):
€
500. φ’
600. χ’
700. ψ’
800. ω’
900. ’
1,000. ͵α
2,000. ͵β
3,000. ͵γ
10,000. ͵μ
20,000. ͵κ
100,000. ͵ρ
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
2. Numbers
•
Ancient Greek normally writes out ordinal
numbers. All are regular adjectives:
first: πρῶτος –η –ον
second: δεύτερος –α –ον
third: τρίτος –η –ον
fourth: τέταρτος –η –ον
fifth: πέμπτος –η –ον
sixth: ἕκτος –η –ον
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
2. Numbers
•
Ancient Greek normally writes out ordinal
numbers. All are regular adjectives:
seventh: ἕβδομος –η –ον
eighth: ὄγδοος –α –ον
ninth: ἔνατος –η –ον
tenth: δέκατος –η –ον
eleventh: ἐνδέκατος –η –ον
twelfth: δωδέκατος –η –ον
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
2. Numbers
•
Ancient Greek normally writes out ordinal
numbers. All are regular adjectives:
thirteenth: τρίτος καὶ δέκατος κτλ
twentieth: εἰκοστός –ή –όν
thirtieth: τριακοστός –ή –όν
fortieth: τετταρακοστός –ή –όν
fiftieth: πεντηκοστός –ή –όν
sixtieth: ἑξηκοστός –ή –όν
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
2. Numbers
•
Ancient Greek normally writes out ordinal
numbers. All are regular adjectives:
seventieth: ἑβδομηκοστός –ή –όν
eightieth: ὀγδοηκοστός –ή –όν
ninetieth: ἐνενηκοστός –ή –όν
hundredth: ἑκατοστός –ή –όν
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
1.
2.
3.
4.
The perfect subjunctive and optative
Numbers
Declension of numbers
The negative pronouns/adjectives οὐδείς
and μηδείς
5. Clauses of fearing
6. Indirect questions
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
3. Declension of numbers
•
The number one declines as follows (the masculine and
neuter use 3rd declension endings; the feminine follows
the first declension):
masculine
feminine
neuter
Nom. εἷς
Nom. μία
Nom. ἕν
Gen. ἑνός
Gen. μιᾶς
Gen. ἑνός
Dat. ἑνί
Dat. μιᾷ
Dat. ἑνί
Acc. ἕνα
Acc. μίαν
Acc. ἕν
Voc. = Nom.
Voc. = Nom.
Voc. = Nom.
Masc. nom sg. ἑνς  εἱς
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
3. Declension of numbers
•
The number two declines as follows (these are the older,
“dual” endings, lost from most Greek words):
masc/fem/neut
Nom. δύο
Gen. δυοῖν
Dat. δυοῖν
Acc. δύο
Voc. = Nom.
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
3. Declension of numbers
•
The number three declines as follows (3rd declension):
masc/fem
Nom. τρεῖς
Gen. τριῶν
Dat. τρισί
Acc. = Nom.
Voc. = Nom.
neuter
Nom. τρία
Gen. τριῶν
Dat. τρισί
Acc. = Nom.
Voc. = Nom.
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
3. Declension of numbers
•
The number four declines as follows (3rd declension):
masc/fem
Nom. τέτταρες
Gen. τεττάρων
Dat. τέτταρσι
Acc. τέτταρας
Voc. = Nom.
neuter
Nom. τέτταρα
Gen. τεττάρων
Dat. τέτταρσι
Acc. = Nom.
Voc. = Nom.
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
1.
2.
3.
4.
The perfect subjunctive and optative
Numbers
Declension of numbers
The negative pronouns/adjectives
οὐδείς and μηδείς
5. Clauses of fearing
6. Indirect questions
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
4. The negative pronouns/adjectives οὐδείς
and μηδείς
•
The number one with the prefix οὐδε serves as
“no one, nothing”:
masculine
Nom. οὐδείς
Gen. οὐδενός
Dat. οὐδενί
Acc. οὐδένα
Voc. = Nom.
feminine
Nom. οὐδεμία
Gen. οὐδεμιᾶς
Dat. οὐδεμιᾷ
Acc. οὐδεμίαν
Voc. = Nom.
neuter
Nom. οὐδέν
Gen. οὐδενός
Dat. οὐδενί
Acc. οὐδέν
Voc. = Nom.
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
4. The negative pronouns/adjectives οὐδείς
and μηδείς
•
When μή is used instead of οὐ, make the same
substitution (οὐδείς  μηδείς κτλ)
masculine
Nom. μηδείς
Gen. μηδενός
Dat. μηδενί
Acc. μηδένα
Voc. = Nom.
feminine
Nom. μηδεμία
Gen. μηδεμιᾶς
Dat. μηδεμιᾷ
Acc. μηδεμίαν
Voc. = Nom.
neuter
Nom. μηδέν
Gen. μηδενός
Dat. μηδενί
Acc. μηδέν
Voc. = Nom.
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
1.
2.
3.
4.
The perfect subjunctive and optative
Numbers
Declension of numbers
The negative pronouns/adjectives οὐδείς
and μηδείς
5. Clauses of fearing
6. Indirect questions
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
5. Clauses of fearing
•
•
•
This chapter presents clauses of fearing.
In both Greek and English, verbs which refer to
fear set up clauses which explain what the
speaker fears.
In English, “that,” or no conjunction at all, can
set up such a clause:
–
I am afraid (that) the enemy is coming.
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
5. Clauses of fearing
•
In Greek, a verb of fearing sets up a clause
beginning with μή, which, even though it
technically means “not,” must be omitted in
translation.
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
5. Clauses of fearing
•
φοβοῦμαι μὴ οἱ πολέμιοι ἔρχονται.
–
•
φοβοῦμαι μὴ οὐ οἱ πολέμιοι ἔρχονται.
–
•
I am afraid the enemy is coming.
I am afraid the enemy is not coming.
φοβοῦμαι μὴ οἱ πολέμιοι ἦλθον.
–
I am afraid the enemy came.
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
5. Clauses of fearing
•
•
If the feared event is some possibility in the
future, the verb in the fearing clause changes to
the subjunctive or optative.
As with other clauses, in primary sequence the
verb becomes subjunctive, while in secondary
sequence it generally becomes optative.
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
5. Clauses of fearing
•
φοβοῦμαι μὴ οἱ πολέμιοι ἔρχωνται.
–
•
I am afraid the enemy will (could, might) come.
ἐφοβούμην μὴ οἱ πολέμιοι ἔρχοιντο.
–
I was afraid the enemy would come.
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
1.
2.
3.
4.
The perfect subjunctive and optative
Numbers
Declension of numbers
The negative pronouns/adjectives οὐδείς
and μηδείς
5. Clauses of fearing
6. Indirect questions
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
6. Indirect questions
•
Previous chapters have introduced direct
questions (24.4, 25.4, 29.4, 29.6).
–
•
Where are the people?
An indirect question is one reported rather than
asked directly.
–
I know where the people are.
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
6. Indirect questions
•
Greek may mark indirect questions in one or
both of two ways.
–
–
The indirect question usually has a different
interrogative than the direct question.
Following a verb in a secondary tense (imperfect,
aorist, pluperfect), the verb of the indirect question
may change to the optative mood.
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
6. Indirect questions
•
Recall that ἆρα sets up a yes/no question.
–
–
•
ἆρ’ οἱ ἄνθρωποι πάρεισιν;
Are the people near?
In an indirect questions, εἰ normally replaces
ἆρα.
–
–
ἐρωτῶ εἰ οἱ ἄνθρωποι πάρεισιν.
I ask if (whether) the people are near.
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
6. Indirect questions
•
For other interrogatives, the indefinite form
(usually created by adding the prefix ὁ-)
replaces the direct form.
–
ποῦ οἱ ἄνθρωποί εἰσιν;
•
–
Where are the people ?
ἐρωτῶ ὅπου οἱ ἄνθρωποί εἰσιν.
•
I ask where the people are.
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
6. Indirect questions
•
As with indirect statement, English will
backshift the tense but Greek will not.
–
ἐρωτῶ ὅπου οἱ ἄνθρωποί εἰσιν.
•
–
I ask where the people are.
ἠρόμην ὅπου οἱ ἄνθρωποί εἰσιν.
•
I asked where the people were.
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
6. Indirect questions
•
But in secondary sequence, Greek may change
the verb of the indirect question to the optative.
–
–
ἠρόμην ὅπου οἱ ἄνθρωποί εἰσιν.
ἠρόμην ὅπου οἱ ἄνθρωποι εἶεν.
•
I asked where the people were.
Shelmerdine Chapter 33
for next class (Thursday, April 28, 2011):
• Quiz: Vocabulary Chapter 34
– from Conjunctions: omit ἔστε
• Continue Xenophon