m - linguae
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Noun Declensions • 1st: mostly feminine, with a few masculine. – ancilla, poēta, aqua • 2nd: masculine (-us) or neuter (-um) – dominus, servus, templum, ātrium • 3rd: all genders; usually with one stem in the nominative (with neuters, nominative and accusative) and another for the other cases – leō, leōnis; mīles, mīlitis; custōs, custōdis • 4th: masculine (-us) and neuter (-ū) – gradus, portus, cornu • 5th: feminine, except for diēs, which can be masculine or feminine Dictionary Entries • The dictionary will give you the nominative singular, genitive singular and gender of a noun. To save space, the genitive singular can be abbreviated: – ancilla, ancillae f. OR ancilla, -ae f. – dominus, dominī m. OR dominus, dominī m. – mīles, mīlitis m. OR mīles, -itis m. • The genitive singular lets you know how the stem changes in a 3rd declension noun and also tells you if a noun in –us is 2nd or 4th declension – servus, -ī m. v. portus, -ūs m. • The vocabulary at the back of Cambridge Book 1 gives you the accusative singular instead because the genitive is not introduced until Book 2. General Tips • The accusative singular in masculine and feminine nouns always ends in –m – dominum, ancillam, mercātōrem • The accusative plural of masculine and feminine nouns always ends in -s – dominōs, ancillās, montēs • The genitive plural always ends in -um – dominōrum, ancillārum, montium • The dative and ablative plural are always the same and end in –īs or – bus – cum ancillīs, cum dominīs, sine mīlitibus, omnibus crēdite • The neuter nominative and accusative are always the same – forum est pulchrum, forum spectāmus • The neuter nominative/accusative plural always ends in –a – computātra nōn sunt animālia (so a word ending in –a isn’t always a singular, 1st declension noun) DERIVATION LATIN ITALIAN SPANISH FRENCH oculus occhio ojo œil perīculum pericolo peligro péril vēritās, vēritātem verità verdad vérité nātiō nātiōnem nazione nación nation actor, actōrem attore actor acteur ENGLISH DERIVATION LATIN ITALIAN SPANISH FRENCH ENGLISH oculus occhio ojo œil eye perīculum pericolo peligro péril peril vēritās, vēritātem verità verdad vérité truth nātiō nātiōnem nazione nación nation nation actor, actōrem attore actor acteur actor 1st declension: ancilla, -ae (f.) Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular Plural ancilla ancillae 1st declension: ancilla, -ae (f.) Singular Plural Nominative ancilla ancillae Accusative ancillam ancillās Genitive Dative Ablative 1st declension: ancilla, -ae (f.) Singular Plural Nominative ancilla ancillae Accusative ancillam ancillās Genitive ancillae ancillārum Dative Ablative 1st declension: ancilla, -ae (f.) Singular Plural Nominative ancilla ancillae Accusative ancillam ancillās Genitive ancillae ancillārum Dative ancillae ancillīs Ablative 1st declension: ancilla, -ae (f.) Singular Plural Nominative ancilla ancillae Accusative ancillam ancillās Genitive ancillae ancillārum Dative ancillae ancillīs Ablative ancillā ancillīs 1st DECLENSION IRREGULARITIES • The Dat/Abl plural of fīlia (daughter) and dea (goddess) are fīlābus and deābus to avoid confusions with fīliīs (< fīlius, son) and deīs (< deus, god) • With names of cities and small islands, the Locative endings –ae (sing.) and –īs (plr) are used instead of prepositions to give the meaning `in’ or `at’: – Rōmae, in Rome (but in urbe Rōmā, in the city of Rome) – Athēnīs, in Athens (but in urbe Athēnīs 2nd declension: dominus, -ī (m.) Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular Plural dominus dominī 2nd declension: dominus, -ī (m.) Singular Plural Nominative dominus dominī Accusative dominum dominōs Genitive Dative Ablative 2nd declension: dominus, -ī (m.) Singular Plural Nominative dominus dominī Accusative dominum dominōs Genitive dominī dominōrum Dative Ablative 2nd declension: dominus, -ī (m.) Singular Plural Nominative dominus dominī Accusative dominum dominōs Genitive dominī dominōrum Dative dominō dominīs Ablative 2nd declension: dominus, -ī (m.) Singular Plural Nominative dominus dominī Accusative dominum dominōs Genitive dominī dominōrum Dative dominō dominīs Ablative dominō dominīs 2nd declension: templum, -ī (n.) Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular Plural templum templa 2nd declension: templum, -ī (n.) Singular Plural Nominative templum templa Accusative templum templa Genitive Dative Ablative 2nd declension: templum, -ī (n.) Singular Plural Nominative templum templa Accusative templum templa Genitive templī templōrum Dative Ablative 2nd declension: templum, -ī (n.) Singular Plural Nominative templum templa Accusative templum templa Genitive templī templōrum Dative templō templīs Ablative 2nd declension: templum, -ī (n.) Singular Plural Nominative templum templa Accusative templum templa Genitive templī templōrum Dative templō templīs Ablative templō templīs 2nd DELCENSION - IRREGULARITIES • With names of cities and small islands, the LOCATIVE endings –ī (sing.) and –īs (plr) are used instead of prepositions to give the meaning `in’ or `at’: – Marcus Londiniī et Pompeiīs habitābat • Nouns in –us change to –e when the person is being addressed but the –us is simply dropped if `i’ precedes it (VOCATIVE case) Ad urbem, Marce et Iūlī, venīte! • A preceding `i’ may be dropped before the –ī of the GENITIVE and LOCATIVE Pater Iulī Londīnī habitat Julius’s father lives in London. • The address (VOCATIVE) form of deus is the same as the nominative, while dī is often used instead of deī in the NOM plural, deum instead of deōrum in the GEN plural and dīs for deīs in the DAT and ABL plural. – Dī nōbīs favent • vir (man) uses vir- as the stem for all cases after the NOM/VOC singular 3rd declension: leō, leōnis (m.) Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular Plural leō leōnēs 3rd declension: leō, leōnis (m.) Singular Plural Nominative leō leōnēs Accusative leōnem leōnēs Genitive Dative Ablative 3rd declension: leō, leōnis (m.) Singular Plural Nominative leō leōnēs Accusative leōnem leōnēs Genitive leōnis leōnum Dative Ablative 3rd declension: leō, leōnis (m.) Singular Plural Nominative leō leōnēs Accusative leōnem leōnēs Genitive leōnis leōnum Dative leōnī leōnibus Ablative 3rd declension: leō, leōnis (m.) Singular Plural Nominative leō leōnēs Accusative leōnem leōnēs Genitive leōnis leōnum Dative leōnī leōnibus Ablative leōne leōnibus 3rd declension: nōmen, nōminis (n.) Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular Plural nōmen nōmina 3rd declension: nōmen, nōminis (n.) Singular Plural Nominative nōmen nōmina Accusative nōmen nōmina Genitive Dative Ablative 3rd declension: nōmen, nōminis (n.) Singular Plural Nominative nōmen nōmina Accusative nōmen nōmina Genitive nōminis nōminum Dative Ablative 3rd declension: nōmen, nōminis (n.) Singular Plural Nominative nōmen nōmina Accusative nōmen nōmina Genitive nōminis nōminum Dative nōminī nōminibus Ablative 3rd declension: nōmen, nōminis (n.) Singular Plural Nominative nōmen nōmina Accusative nōmen nōmina Genitive nōminis nōminum Dative nōminī nōminibus Ablative nōmine nōminibus 3rd declension: SeXy nouns • 3rd declension nouns ending in –s or–x with the same number of syllables in nominative and genitive singular (e.g cīvis, cīvis, citizen; ignis, ignis, fire) or with a one-syllable nominative singular and a stem for the genitive ending in two consonants (urbs, urbis or nox, noctis) have the genitive plural in –ium: e,g, civium, urbium • These nouns also have an alternative accusative plural ending in –īs (e.g. cīvīs videō or cīvēs videō, I see the citizens). This ending, rarely used in beginners’ books, is quite common in Latin literature. • If the nominative and genitive singular are exactly the same, the ablative singular can end in –ī as well as in –e (e.g. cum cīvī or cum cīve (with a citizen), sine ignī or sine igne (without fire)) 3rd declension: civis, civis (m., f.) Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular Plural cīvis cīvēs 3rd declension: civis, civis (m., f.) Singular Plural Nominative cīvis cīvēs Accusative cīvem cīvēs or cīvīs Genitive Dative Ablative 3rd declension: civis, civis (m., f.) Singular Plural Nominative cīvis cīvēs Accusative cīvem cīvēs or cīvīs Genitive cīvis cīvium Dative Ablative 3rd declension: civis, civis (m., f.) Singular Plural Nominative cīvis cīvēs Accusative cīvem cīvēs or cīvīs Genitive cīvis cīvium Dative cīvī cīvibus Ablative 3rd declension: civis, civis (m., f.) Singular Plural Nominative cīvis cīvēs Accusative cīvem cīvēs or cīvīs Genitive cīvis cīvium Dative cīvī cīvibus Ablative cīve or civī cīvibus 3rd declension: neuter nouns with –ia plural • Neuter nouns ending in –e, -al or –ar (e.g. mare, maris, sea; animal, animālis, animal) also have genitive plural nominative in –ium • They have nominative and accusative plural in –ia • Their ablative singular ALWAYS ends in -ī 3rd declension: mare, maris (n.) Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular Plural mare maria 3rd declension: mare, maris (n.) Singular Plural Nominative mare maria Accusative mare maria Genitive Dative Ablative 3rd declension: mare, maris (n.) Singular Plural Nominative mare maria Accusative mare maria Genitive maris marium Dative Ablative 3rd declension: mare, maris (n.) Singular Plural Nominative mare maria Accusative mare maria Genitive maris marium Dative marī maribus Ablative 3rd declension: mare, maris (n.) Singular Plural Nominative mare maria Accusative mare maria Genitive maris marium Dative marī maribus Ablative marī maribus 3rd DECLENSION IRREGULARITIES • With names of cities and small islands, the Locative endings –e or -ī (sing.) and –īs (plr) are used instead of prepositions to give the meaning `in’ or `at’: – Carthāgine habitābāmus – Novemdracōnibus habitābam • bōs, bovis m/f, ox/cow: GEN plr. bovum or boum, DAT/ABL plr. bovibus, bubus or bobus • vīs f, force: only has ACCUS vim and ABL vī in singular; regular plr vīrēs, vīrium must be carefully distinguished from 2nd declension vir, virī (man). 4th declension: gradus, gradūs (m.) Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular Plural gradus gradūs 4th declension: gradus, gradūs (m.) Singular Plural Nominative gradus gradūs Accusative gradum gradūs Genitive Dative Ablative 4th declension: gradus, gradūs (m.) Singular Plural Nominative gradus gradūs Accusative gradum gradūs Genitive gradūs graduum Dative Ablative 4th declension: gradus, gradūs (m.) Singular Plural Nominative gradus gradūs Accusative gradum gradūs Genitive gradūs graduum Dative graduī gradibus Ablative 4th declension: gradus, gradūs (m.) Singular Plural Nominative gradus gradūs Accusative gradum gradūs Genitive gradūs graduum Dative graduī gradibus Ablative gradū gradibus 4th/2nd declension: domus, domūs/dom (m.) Singular Plural Nominative domus domūs Accusative domum domōs/domūs Genitive domūs domuum/domōrum Dative domuī/domō domibus Ablative domō/domū domibus 4th declension: cornū, cornūs (n.) Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular Plural cornū cornua 4th declension: cornū, cornūs (n.) Singular Plural Nominative cornū cornua Accusative cornū cornua Genitive Dative Ablative 4th declension: cornū, cornūs (n.) Singular Plural Nominative cornū cornua Accusative cornū cornua Genitive cornūs cornuum Dative Ablative 4th declension: cornū, cornūs (n.) Singular Plural Nominative cornū cornua Accusative cornū cornua Genitive cornūs cornuum Dative cornu(ī) cornibus Ablative 4th declension: cornū, cornūs (n.) Singular Plural Nominative cornū cornua Accusative cornū cornua Genitive cornūs cornuum Dative cornuī? cornū? cornibus Ablative cornū cornibus 5th declension: rēs, reī (f.) Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular Plural rēs rēs 5th declension: rēs, reī (f.) Singular Plural Nominative rēs rēs Accusative rem rēs Genitive Dative Ablative 5th declension: rēs, reī (f.) Singular Plural Nominative rēs rēs Accusative rem rēs Genitive reī rērum Dative Ablative 5th declension: rēs, reī (f.) Singular Plural Nominative rēs rēs Accusative rem rēs Genitive reī rērum Dative reī rēbus Ablative 5th declension: rēs, reī (f.) Singular Plural Nominative rēs rēs Accusative rem rēs Genitive reī rērum Dative reī rēbus Ablative rē rēbus
