Data &
Information
IPT
Kerry Sims-McLean
kerry.simsmclean@tafensw.edu.au
Outline
► Hardware
► Software
► Nature
of data & information
► Digital representation of data
► Manufacturing of integrated circuits
► Information processes
Hardware
These are the physical components of the Computer
System. That is, the things you can pick up and touch
such as systems box, mouse, interface cards, printers
and monitors.
Peripheral device - any input/output (I/O) device which is
connected to the central processing unit of the computer.
►
►
Input devices
Output devices
Good Websites for Hardware
►
Supercomputers
http://www.sgi.com/products/supercomputers.html
►
The PC Guide
http://www.pcguide.com/topic.html
►
PC Webopedia
http://www.pcwebopaedia.com/
►
Computer Components
http://home.rmci.net/rdavid/is310/week2&3/index.htm
►
Scanning Tips
http://www.scantips.com/
Memory
1 byte
=
8 bits
1 kilobyte (Kb)
=
1024 bytes
1 megabyte (Mb)
=
1024 Kb
1 Gigabyte (Gb)
=
1024 Mb
Software
These are the instructions used to run the computer.
There are two main types of software, one type deals
with the management of the processes of running the
computer and is called SYSTEMS software.
The other type is used when a specific task is done on
the computer and this is called APPLICATIONS
software.
Nature of data & information
►
The CPU is a microprocessor where all of the major
processing of data into information takes place. It is
placed on the motherboard inside the systems box.
►
Processes are the steps that the computer-based
system follows to turn data into information.
►
Most processing is completed in the CPU ready for
output to the user. The control unit and the ALU work
together to execute program instructions, which are
stored in primary memory.
Types of Data
► Images
Data in the form of pictures, drawings, paintings or
photographs.
► Audio
Data in the form of sounds.
► Video
Data in the form of pictures and sounds combined and
displayed over time.
► Text
► Numbers
Data in the form of letters, numbers and other
characters whose meaning and format is not specified.
Data in the form of predefined characters (usually
numerals) whose meaning and format is not specified.
The 5 logical elements of a
processing system
Storage
Input
Process
Control
Output
INPUT
where data is entered into the system
OUTPUT
where information is used from the system
PROCESS
where data is changed into information
STORAGE
where information is placed for later processing
CONTROL
where the movement of data within the system
is regulated
Digital representation of data
►
Data is the numbers, character, or symbols which are
entered into, stored and processed by a computer system.
►
Computer systems can only process digital data, hence
all data is represented by a series of on or off states.
►
So the binary number system, which is made up of only
two digits "0" & "1", is used.
"1" is used to represent the on state.
"0" is used to represent the off state.
Reasons for using binary numbers
in a computer based system
►
A computer-based system is made up of electronic circuits.
These circuits carry two states, a low and a high charge.
Manipulating the charges so that they can do something of use
is what the computer does.
►
The binary number system is well suited for this manipulation
because it is a TWO STATE number system. It can be used as a
model of the computer's circuit's with a '0' representing a low
charge and a '1' as a high charge.
►
By manipulating the circuits of a computer-based system to
behave like a binary number system, the computer is able to
perform calculations, the bases of all its operation.
►
Other number systems can be used, but the difficulty of creating
more than two states make them impractical.
►
Each state is called a bit (from binary digit). A bit is the
smallest possible unit.
►
A character is made up of 8 bits. This is called a byte.
►
Sets of bits of lengths 16-bit, 32-bit and 64-bit are known as
words. A word is the number of bits the CPU can process at
one time. (Generally, the larger the number of bits the faster
the machine).
Converting binary
numbers to decimal
Now we will look at how to convert the binary number shown
above to decimal …
Example
Example: Convert 1011 to a decimal
Step 1:
Step 2:
Decimal Value = 8+2+1 = 11
Answer: 1011 = 11
the following decimal numbers as 3 bit
binary numbers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
ANSWERS
► Write
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
Question
Example: Convert 143 to a binary number
Step 1:
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
Step 2- Check:
128 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 143
Answer: 143 = 10001111
1
Integrated Circuits
Integrated circuits can be found on computer circuit boards such
as motherboards. Each chip contains millions of logic gates.
Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) is the name given to the
manufacture of chips that contain large numbers of logic gates.
ICs are also called silicon chips because they are constructed on
thin slices of silicon called silicon wafers.
Manufacturing of
integrated circuits – main stages
►
Design translation
►
Lithography
- photo-masking
- preparing the chip surface
- exposure
- etching
►
Testing
►
Packaging
The Silicon Wafer
SILICON is made from rocks and sand. It is melted down
into a form 99.9% pure silicon The molten Silicon is
“grown” (much like a candle is made) into cylindrical ingots.
A diamond saw slices the ingot into circular Wafers 4 to 6
inches in diameter and 4/1000 of an inch thick.
►
The resulting wafers are sterilised and polished to a mirror
like finish. These wafers must be free from deformities and
blemishes.
►
The wafer is the starting point of creating chips.
Chip Creation
►
Computer Aided Design (CAD) programs are used to draw up each
layer of the circuit and to test if it will work before actual
manufacture begins - adv.
►
CAD programs produce a circuit design called a photomask for each
layer of the IC. Each photomask has many copies of the same circuit
on it. The circuit is usually shown as transparent tracks on the opaque
sheet or mask.
►
Large silicon crystals are grown in a lab. Each crystal is very thinly
sliced into wafers so it can be used as the basis of the circuit.
►
Semi-conductor material is layered onto this wafer.
►
The Semi-conductor material is then coated with a light-sensitive
material called photoresist.
►
The wafer and layers are then covered by the photomask and
exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light.
►
The photoresist is designed so that it is hardened by exposure
to UV light. The circuit hardens, but the non-circuit parts are
covered by the mask and so are protected from the light and
remain soft.
►
These soft unexposed parts and their underlying semi-conductor
material are then eaten away in an acid bath in a process
called etching, leaving the raised circuit on the wafer.
►
The wafer is then cut up into individual chip-sized pieces and
the individual ICs are tested.
►
The IC is then packaged - the layers of silicon are put together
and each chip is bonded to its legs and encapsulated in plastic.
After packaging the chip is tested again before being
distributed.
►
During Manufacture
►
Vibrations or contaminants such as dust, skin flakes or hair can
ruin the chip by misaligning paths or damaging components.
Hence,chips must be made in dust-free environments.
Precautions include:
► “Clean rooms” are used where incoming air is passed through very
fine air filters and the air is kept at a higher pressure than
outside so that when the door is opened, air is forced out and
contaminants don’t enter.
► Air conditioning to ensure a constant temperature
 Workers wear lint-free suits, gloves, shoes, masks and hoods,
commonly referred to as bunny suits.
 Rooms are located away from sources of vibration such as roads, flight
paths, elevator shafts and generators.
 Sticky mats at the door to remove any dust from shoes