E_English Grammar Course
Unit 7
Lecture 7 - Adverbials
Issues
1.
Units realizing adverbial functions
2.
Classes of adverbials
3.
Adjuncts
4.
Disjuncts
5.
Conjuncts
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Units realizing adverbial functions
Realization of adverbials
Adverb phrases
Finite clause
Noun phrases
Non-finite clause
Prepositional phrases
Verbless clause
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1
Units realizing adverbial functions
Realization of adverbials
Adverb phrases
Finite
clause
E.g.: I have
never
been there.
Noun phrases
Non-finite clause
Prepositional phrases
Verbless clause
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1
Units realizing adverbial functions
Realization of adverbials
Adverb phrases
Noun phrases
Prepositional phrases
Finite clause
E.g.: INon-finite
saw her last
week.
clause
Verbless clause
4/7
1
Units realizing adverbial functions
Realization of adverbials
Adverb phrases
Finite clause
Noun phrases
Non-finite clause
Prepositional phrases
E.g.: She
sat in aclause
dark corner.
Verbless
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Units realizing adverbial functions
Realization of adverbials
Adverb phrases
Finite clause
E.g.: When I came to the club, I saw James sitting alone
phrases
Non-finite clause
at theNoun
window
table.
Prepositional phrases
Verbless clause
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1
Units realizing adverbial functions
Realization of adverbials
Adverb phrases
Finite clause
Noun phrases
Non-finite clause
Prepositional
phrases
infinitive
He plays to win.
Verbless-ed
clause
-ing participle
participle
Seeing Tom, she
smiles.
Whenever left alone,
he cried.
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1
Units realizing adverbial functions
Realization of adverbials
Adverb phrases
Finite clause
Noun phrases
Non-finite clause
Prepositional phrases
Verbless clause
E.g.: The baby was playing, unaware of the danger.
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2
Classes of Adverbials
ADVERBIALS
ADJUNCTS
Integrated in clause structure
DISJUNCTS
Peripheral in clause structure
CONJUNCTS
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Classes of Adverbials
ADVERBIALS
ADJUNCTS
DISJUNCTS
CONJUNCTS
1. can’t appear initially in a negative
declarative clause.
E.g. Quickly, they didn’t leave home.
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Classes of Adverbials
ADVERBIALS
ADJUNCTS
2. can be contrasted with another
adverbial in an alternative
DISJUNCTS
CONJUNCTS
interrogation (as focus of clause
interrogation)
E.g. Does he write to his parents
because he misses them, or only
because he wants some money?
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ADVERBIALS
Classes of Adverbials
ADJUNCTS
3. can be contrasted with another
adverbial in alternative negation
DISJUNCTS
CONJUNCTS
(as focus of clause negation)
E.g. We didn’t hate him because of
his appearance, but because of his bad
behavior.
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ADVERBIALS
Classes of Adverbials
ADJUNCTS
1. can appear initially before a
negative clause in most cases
DISJUNCTS
E.g.: Naturally, he didn’t come.
CONJUNCTS
(disjunct)
Therefore, he couldn’t come.
(conjunct)
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ADVERBIALS
Classes of Adverbials
ADJUNCTS
2. cannot be contrasted with
DISJUNCTS
another adverbial in alternative
CONJUNCTS
interrogation.
3. cannot be focus of clause
negation
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ADVERBIALS
Classes of Adverbials
ADJUNCTS
Can serve as a response to an Y-N
DISJUNCTS
question.
E.g.: A: Will he be there?
B: Yes, probably.
CONJUNCTS
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Adjuncts
SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ADJUNCTS
1.
Adjuncts can come within the scope of predication pro-form
or predication ellipsis.
E.g.: John greatly admires Bob, and so does Mary.
 John greatly admires Bob, and Mary greatly admires Bob.
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Adjuncts
SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ADJUNCTS
2.
Adjuncts can be the focus of limiter adverbials such as “only”.
E.g.: They only want the car for an hour (for an hour not for longer).
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Adjuncts
SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ADJUNCTS
3. Adjuncts can be the focus of additive adverbials such as “also”.
E.g.: They will also meet afterwards.
4.
Adjuncts can be the focus of a cleft sentence.
E.g.: It was because of his injury that Mary helped Tony.
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Adjuncts
ADVERB PHRASES AS ADJUNCTS
1. Can constitute a comparative construction
E.g.: John speaks English more fluently than his brother does.
2. Have premodifying “however”
E.g.: However strongly you feel about it, you should be cautious
in the way you talk.
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Adjuncts
ADVERB PHRASES AS ADJUNCTS
3. Have premodifying “how”
E.g.: How often does she wash her hair?
How carelessly he drives!
4. Have premodifying “so” (+ inversion)
E.g.: So monotonously did he speak that everybody felt asleep.
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3
Adjuncts
viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
process
subject
place
time
others
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3
Adjuncts
viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
+ = ‘if we consider what we
are saying from a [adj. phrase]
point of view’
+ usually in initial position
process
subject
place
E.g.: Geographically (speaking),
Vietnam is a diverse country.
Business-wise, it’s not a good
idea to open a fast food
time
others
restaurant in this area.
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3
Adjuncts
viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
process
subject
place
time
others
limiters
exclusives
alone, just, only, purely, simply
particularizers
chiefly, especially, mainly, etc.
additives
also, either, even, neither, nor, too,
as well as, in addition
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Adjuncts
viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
- Cannot be modified
Eg. *very only, *extremely also
- Cannot be coordinated
Eg. *just and exactly, *equally
process
subject
place
time
others
and likewise
Exception: purely and simply
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3
Adjuncts
viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
emphasizers
clearly, definitely, etc.
amplifiers
process
subject
place
time
others
maximizers
completely, etc.
boosters
by far, well, etc.
downtoners
compromisers
kind of, quite, etc.
diminishers
partly, slightly, etc.
minimizers
a bit, barely, etc.
approximators
almost, nearly, etc.
10/21
3
Adjuncts
viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
process
subject
+ = in that way/ that way
+ favor final conditions
+ co-occur with dynamic verbs,
not stative verbs
E.g.: They live frugally.
place
Tear gas was indiscriminatively
time
sprayed on the protesters.
others
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3
Adjuncts
viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
process
subject
place
time
others
manner
E.g.: They walked in single file.
means
E.g.: I go to school by car.
instrument
E.g.: You can cut the apple with that knife.
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3
Adjuncts
viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
process
subject
place
general
With great unease, they elected him as
their leader.
volitional
deliberately, intentionally, on purpose,
willingly, with reluctance, etc.
time
others
formulaic
please, humbly, cordially, kindly, etc.
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3
Adjuncts
viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
process
subject
place
time
others
+ denote position, direction,
movement, and passage
+ most are prepositional phrases;
adverb phrases and noun phrases
used frequently
+ used only with verbs of motions or
other dynamic verbs denoting
direction
E.g.: She works a long way from here.
We’re moving some furniture
into the kitchen.
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Adjuncts
viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
process
subject
place
time
others
direction
I take the book from the shelf.
She ran past the church.
position
I live in a small village.
He is over there.
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Adjuncts
viewpoint
when
focusing
intensifier
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
duration
process
subject
place
time
others
frequency
other relationships
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3
Adjuncts
viewpoint
when
focusing
intensifier
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
process
subject
place
time
others
+ point of time
duration
E.g.: today,
tomorrow
+ boundary of time
E.g.: frequency
afterwards
other relationships
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3
Adjuncts
viewpoint
when
focusing
intensifier
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
duration
process
subject
place
time
others
+ length of time
frequency
E.g.: briefly
+ from the preceding
other
relationships
point
in time
E.g.: since
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3
Adjuncts
viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
process
subject
place
time
others
+ indefinite
- usual occurrence: E.g.: usually
when
- continuous/continual:
E.g.: always
- high:
E.g.: often
duration
- low/zero: occasionally, never
frequency
+ definite
other
relationships
- period:
E.g.: daily
- number: E.g.: twice
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Adjuncts
viewpoint
when
focusing
intensifier
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
duration
process
subject
place
frequency
other relationships
time
others
first, still, yet, already, etc.
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Adjuncts
viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
+ expressing purpose, cause, reason,
process source or origin
subjectE.g.: He took the book from me.
place
time
others
They symbolically buried the car
as a protest against pollution.
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Adjuncts
RELATIVE POSITION OF ADJUNCTS
1. In final position: process – place - time
E.g. He was working with his shears (process) in the garden (place) the whole
morning (time).
2. The normal relative order can be changed to suit the desire for end-focus.
3. A clause normally comes after other structures to avoid ambiguity
E.g. We stood talking for a very long time (A1) where the fire had been (A2).
4. Longer adjuncts tend to follow shorter adjuncts.
E.g. I was studying earlier (A1) in the university library (A2).
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Disjuncts
DISJUNCTS
Style disjuncts
Attitudinal disjuncts
Most disjuncts are prepositional
phrases or clause
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Disjuncts
DISJUNCTS
Style disjuncts
Attitudinal disjuncts
• convey the speaker’s comment on
the form of what he is saying,
defining in some way under what
conditions he is speaking
E.g.: Seriously, do you intend to retire?
Personally, I don’t approve of her.
Very frankly, I am tired.
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Disjuncts
DISJUNCTS
Style disjuncts
Attitudinal disjuncts
• convey the speaker’s comment on the
content of what he is saying
• generally appear only on declarative
clauses
E.g.: Obviously, no one expected us.
Understandably, they were all
annoyed when reading the letter.
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CONJUNCTS
Conjuncts
1. Most conjuncts are adverb phrases
or prepositional phrases.
2. The normal position for most conjuncts
is initial.
3. Conjuncts often have a separate
tone unit.
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Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Result
Reinforcing
Inferential
Equative
Reformulatory
Transitional
Replacive
Summative
Antithetic
Apposition
Concessive
Temporal transition
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Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Result
Reinforcing
Inferential
Transitional
Replacive
Summative
Antithetic
Apposition
Concessive
first, second, third…; one, two, three…; for one thing,
Equativething; for a start, to begin with, next, then…
Reformulatory
for another
Temporal transition
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Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Result
Reinforcing
Inferential
Equative
Reformulatory
also, furthermore, moreover, in addition, above all,
Transitional
Replacive
what
is more, then (informal), etc.
Summative
Antithetic
Apposition
Concessive
Temporal transition
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Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Result
Reinforcing
Inferential
Equative
Reformulatory
equally, likewise, similarly, in the same way, etc.
Transitional
Replacive
Summative
Antithetic
Apposition
Concessive
Temporal transition
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Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Result
Reinforcing
Inferential
Equative
by the way, incidentally, etc.Reformulatory
Transitional
Replacive
Summative
Antithetic
Apposition
Concessive
Temporal transition
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Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Result
Reinforcing
Inferential
Equative
Reformulatory
then, (all) in all, in conclusion, to sum up, etc.
Transitional
Replacive
Summative
Antithetic
Apposition
Concessive
Temporal transition
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Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Result
Reinforcing
Inferential
Equative
Reformulatory
namely, in other words, for instance,
Transitional that is, that is to say, for example, etc.Replacive
Summative
Antithetic
Apposition
Concessive
Temporal transition
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Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Result
Reinforcing
Inferential
consequently, hence, thus, so, therefore, as a result, etc.
Equative
Reformulatory
Transitional
Replacive
Summative
Antithetic
Apposition
Concessive
Temporal transition
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5
Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Result
Reinforcing
Inferential
Equative
Reformulatory
else, otherwise, then, in other words, in that case, etc.
Transitional
Replacive
Summative
Antithetic
Apposition
Concessive
Temporal transition
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Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Result
Reinforcing
Inferential
Equative
Reformulatory
Transitional
Replacive
better, rather, in other words, etc.
Summative
Antithetic
Apposition
Concessive
Temporal transition
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Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Result
Reinforcing
Inferential
alternatively, rather, on the other hand, etc.Reformulatory
Equative
Transitional
Replacive
Summative
Antithetic
Apposition
Concessive
Temporal transition
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Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Result
Reinforcing
Inferential
Equative
Transitional
instead, then, on the contrary, in contrast,
Reformulatory
by comparison, on the other hand, etc.
Replacive
Summative
Antithetic
Apposition
Concessive
Temporal transition
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Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Result
Reinforcing
Inferential
anyhow, anyway, besides, else,
Equative
however, Reformulatory
still
nevertheless, yet, in any case, at any rate, after all
Transitional
Replacive
in spite of that, on the other hand, all the same, etc.
Summative
Antithetic
Apposition
Concessive
Temporal transition
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Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Result
Reinforcing
Inferential
Equative
Reformulatory
Transitional
Replacive
Summative
Apposition
Antithetic
meantime, meanwhile, in the mean
time, etc.
Concessive
Temporal transition