C.W. Shelmerdine
Introduction to Greek
2nd edition
(Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008)
Chapter 31
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
1. The perfect system
2. The perfect and pluperfect active indicative
of regular verbs (4th principal part)
3. The perfect and pluperfect middle/passive
indicative of regular verbs (5th principal part)
4. The dative of personal agent
5. The perfect infinitive (4th and 5th principal
parts)
6. Result (consecutive) clauses
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
1. The perfect system
2. The perfect and pluperfect active indicative
of regular verbs (4th principal part)
3. The perfect and pluperfect middle/passive
indicative of regular verbs (5th principal part)
4. The dative of personal agent
5. The perfect infinitive (4th and 5th principal
parts)
6. Result (consecutive) clauses
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
parse/parsing
• 1st, 2nd or 3RD PERSON
• SINGULAR or PLURAL
• PRESENT, IMPERFECT, FUTURE,
AORIST, PERFECT or PLUPERFECT
• INDICATIVE, INFINITIVE,
IMPERATIVE, SUBJUNCTIVE,
OPTATIVE, PARTICIPLE
• ACTIVE, MIDDLE, PASSIVE
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
1. The perfect system
•
•
•
The perfect tense refers to a completed action
which results in the current situation.
Recall that the aorist tense refers to a single past
action.
Recall that the imperfect tense refers to ongoing
or repeated past action.
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
1. The perfect system
•
Imperfect (incomplete past)
–
•
Aorist (single action)
–
•
I was climbing the tree.
I climbed the tree.
Perfect (completed action)
–
I have climbed the tree.
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
1. The perfect system
•
•
The present, imperfect, and aorist tenses
together make up about 90% of the verb forms
in most ancient Greek texts.
The present, future, imperfect, aorist and
perfect tenses together make up over 99% of the
verb forms in most ancient Greek texts.
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
1. The perfect system
2. The perfect and pluperfect active indicative
of regular verbs (4th principal part)
3. The perfect and pluperfect middle/passive
indicative of regular verbs (5th principal part)
4. The dative of personal agent
5. The perfect infinitive (4th and 5th principal
parts)
6. Result (consecutive) clauses
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
2. The perfect and pluperfect active indicative
of regular verbs (4th principal part)
•
The perfect adds a reduplication to the beginning
of the stem.
–
For a stem beginning with a consonant, this reduplication
means the consonant doubles, separated by an –ε• λυ-  λελυ• γραφ-  γεγραφ-
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
2. The perfect and pluperfect active indicative
of regular verbs (4th principal part)
•
•
The perfect adds a reduplication to the beginning
of the stem.
Most verbs also add the tense marker -κ- to the end
of the stem.
• λυ-  λελυκ-
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
singular
• -α (I)
• -ας (you)
• -ε(ν) (s/he, it)
plural
• -αμεν (we)
• -ατε (you, y’all)
• -ασι(ν) (they)
the endings for the perfect
(like the weak [1st] aorist endings,
except in the 3rd plural)
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
singular
• λύω
• λύεις
• λύει
plural
• λύομεν
• λύετε
• λύουσι
present tense
present stem = λυ
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
singular
• ἔλυον
• ἔλυες
• ἔλυε
plural
• ἐλύομεν
• ἐλύετε
• ἔλυον
imperfect tense
stem = λυ
Note the addition of the augment.
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
singular
• λύσω
• λύσεις
• λύσει
plural
• λύσομεν
• λύσετε
• λύσουσι
future stem = λυσ
Note the addition of the σ to the stem.
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
singular
• ἔλυσα
• ἔλυσας
• ἔλυσε
plural
• ἐλύσαμεν
• ἐλύσατε
• ἔλυσαν
Weak (1st) aorist tense
stem = λυσ
Note the addition of both the augment
and the σ to the stem.
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
singular
• λέλυκα
• λέλυκας
• λέλυκε
plural
• λελύκαμεν
• λελύκατε
• λελύκασι
perfect tense
stem = λελυκ
Note the addition of both the reduplication
and the κ to the stem.
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
2. The perfect and pluperfect active indicative
of regular verbs (4th principal part)
•
•
The perfect tense refers to a completed action
which results in the current situation.
The pluperfect tense refers to a completed action
which resulted in a specific situation in the past.
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
2. The perfect and pluperfect active indicative
of regular verbs (4th principal part)
•
Imperfect (incomplete past)
–
•
Aorist (single action)
–
•
I climbed the tree.
Perfect (completed action)
–
•
I was climbing the tree.
I have climbed the tree.
Pluperfect (completed action in the past)
–
I had climbed the tree.
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
2. The perfect and pluperfect active indicative
of regular verbs (4th principal part)
•
•
The pluperfect is the secondary version of the
perfect indicative, so it adds an augment (like the
imperfect and aorist).
Like the perfect tense, it adds both a reduplication
to the beginning of the stem and the tense marker
-κ- to the end of the stem.
• λυ-  ἐλελυκ-
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
singular
• ἐλελύκην
• ἐλελύκης
• ἐλελύκει(ν)
plural
• ἐλελύκεμεν
• ἐλελύκετε
• ἐλελύκεσαν
pluperfect tense
stem = ἐλελυκ
Note the addition of the augment, reduplication
and κ to the stem.
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
2. The perfect and pluperfect active indicative
of regular verbs (4th principal part)
•
Watch out for the pluperfect in the readings, but it
is a very rare tense and you are not responsible for
it in this class.
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
Looking up a Greek verb
The 1st sg present indicative active is the first
principal part of a verb
–
–
–
–
–
–
ἄγω, ἄξω, ἤγαγον, ἦχα lead, bring
γράφω, γράψω, ἔγραψα, γέγραφα write
διώκω, διώξω, ἐδίωξα, δεδίωχα pursue
λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, λέλυκα loose, set free
πείθω, πείσω, ἔπεισα, πέπεικα persuade
πέμπω, πέμψω, ἔπεμψα, πέπομφα send
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
Looking up a Greek verb
The 1st sg future indicative active is the second
principal part of a verb
–
–
–
–
–
–
ἄγω, ἄξω, ἤγαγον, ἦχα lead, bring
γράφω, γράψω, ἔγραψα, γέγραφα write
διώκω, διώξω, ἐδίωξα, δεδίωχα pursue
λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, λέλυκα loose, set free
πείθω, πείσω, ἔπεισα, πέπεικα persuade
πέμπω, πέμψω, ἔπεμψα, πέπομφα send
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
Looking up a Greek verb
The 1st sg aorist indicative active is the third
principal part of a verb
–
–
–
–
–
–
ἄγω, ἄξω, ἤγαγον, ἦχα lead, bring
γράφω, γράψω, ἔγραψα, γέγραφα write
διώκω, διώξω, ἐδίωξα, δεδίωχα pursue
λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, λέλυκα loose, set free
πείθω, πείσω, ἔπεισα, πέπεικα persuade
πέμπω, πέμψω, ἔπεμψα, πέπομφα send
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
Looking up a Greek verb
The 1st sg perfect indicative active is the fourth
principal part of a verb
–
–
–
–
–
–
ἄγω, ἄξω, ἤγαγον, ἦχα lead, bring
γράφω, γράψω, ἔγραψα, γέγραφα write
διώκω, διώξω, ἐδίωξα, δεδίωχα pursue
λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, λέλυκα loose, set free
πείθω, πείσω, ἔπεισα, πέπεικα persuade
πέμπω, πέμψω, ἔπεμψα, πέπομφα send
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
1. The perfect system
2. The perfect and pluperfect active indicative
of regular verbs (4th principal part)
3. The perfect and pluperfect middle/passive
indicative of regular verbs (5th principal
part)
4. The dative of personal agent
5. The perfect infinitive (4th and 5th principal
parts)
6. Result (consecutive) clauses
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
3. The perfect and pluperfect middle/passive
indicative of regular verbs (5th principal
part)
•
•
The perfect and pluperfect middle/passive use the
same stem as the active, except without the -κmarker.
For reference, this stem is shown in the 5th
principal part.
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
3. The perfect and pluperfect middle/passive
indicative of regular verbs (5th principal
part)
• The perfect and pluperfect middle/passive
indicative use the standard endings:
–
–
primary endings -μαι -σαι -ται -μεθα -σθε -νται
for the present, future, and perfect tenses.
secondary endings -μην -σο -το -μεθα -σθε -ντο
for the imperfect, aorist, and pluperfect tenses.
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
ACTIVE
singular
• λέλυκα
• λέλυκας
• λέλυκε
plural
• λελύκαμεν
• λελύκατε
• λελύκασι
MIDDLE/PASSIVE
singular
• λέλυμαι
• λέλυσαι
• λέλυται
plural
• λελύμεθα
• λέλυσθε
• λέλυνται
perfect tense
stem = λελυ (+ κ in active)
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
ACTIVE
singular
• ἐλελύκην
• ἐλελύκης
• ἐλελύκει
plural
• ἐλελύκεμεν
• ἐλελύκετε
• ἐλελύκεσαν
MIDDLE/PASSIVE
singular
• ἐλελύμην
• ἐλέλυσο
• ἐλέλυτο
plural
• ἐλελύμεθα
• ἐλέλυσθε
• ἐλέλυντο
pluperfect tense
stem = ἐλελυ (+ κ in active)
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
1. The perfect system
2. The perfect and pluperfect active indicative
of regular verbs (4th principal part)
3. The perfect and pluperfect middle/passive
indicative of regular verbs (5th principal part)
4. The dative of personal agent
5. The perfect infinitive (4th and 5th principal
parts)
6. Result (consecutive) clauses
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
Genitive of agent
•
When the verb is passive, the agent of the action
goes in the genitive following ὑπό:
–
ὁ Περικλῆς διώκει τοὺς Πέρσας.
•
–
“Pericles pursues the Persians.” (active)
οἱ Πέρσαι διώκονται ὑπὸ τοῦ Περικλέους.
•
“The Persians are pursued by Pericles.” (passive)
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
Genitive of agent
•
An instrument is expressed by the dative,
whether the verb is active or passive:
–
ὁ Περικλῆς διώκει ἁμάξῃ τοὺς Πέρσας.
•
–
οἱ Πέρσαι διώκονται ἁμάξῃ ὑπὸ τοῦ
Περικλέους.
•
–
“Pericles pursues the Persians in a chariot.”
“The Persians are pursued by Pericles in a chariot.”
οἱ Πέρσαι διώκονται ἁμάξαις.
•
“The Persians are pursued by chariots.”
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
4. The dative of personal agent
•
When the verb is perfect and passive, however,
the personal agent is usually in the dative:
–
ὁ Περικλῆς λέλυκε τοὺς ἵππους.
•
–
“Pericles has set the horses free.”
οἱ ἵπποι λέλυνται τῷ Περικλεῖ.
•
“The horses have been set free by Pericles.”
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
1. The perfect system
2. The perfect and pluperfect active indicative
of regular verbs (4th principal part)
3. The perfect and pluperfect middle/passive
indicative of regular verbs (5th principal part)
4. The dative of personal agent
5. The perfect infinitive (4th and 5th principal
parts)
6. Result (consecutive) clauses
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
5. The perfect infinitive (4th and 5th principal
parts)
•
perfect infinitives
–
–
endings: –έναι (active) –σθαι (middle)
 λελυκέναι (active) λελύσθαι (middle)
•
The accent for these infinitives is fixed on the penult.
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
5. The perfect infinitive (4th and 5th principal parts)
• The perfect infinitive is used only to emphasize the
completeness of some action:
–
–
οὐκ ἐθέλω λύειν τὴν πόλιν· ἀλλ’ ἐθέλω
καταλελύσθαι.
I don’t want to set the city free: I want it completely
destroyed!”
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
1. The perfect system
2. The perfect and pluperfect active indicative
of regular verbs (4th principal part)
3. The perfect and pluperfect middle/passive
indicative of regular verbs (5th principal part)
4. The dative of personal agent
5. The perfect infinitive (4th and 5th principal
parts)
6. Result (consecutive) clauses
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
6. Result (consecutive) clauses
•
•
This chapter introduces ways to express result in
ancient Greek.
A result clause (also called a “consecutive”
clause), as its name suggests, refers to one action
which is the result of another action.
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
6. Result (consecutive) clauses
•
English can express several types of result
clauses:
–
–
–
Socrates is such a great man that he always tells the
truth.
Socrates is so wise that he always tells the truth.
Socrates is too wise not to tell the truth.
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
6. Result (consecutive) clauses
•
In Greek, ὥστε introduces a result clause.
Usually a word such as οὕτως, τοιοῦτος or
τοσοῦτος sets up the clause:
–
ὁ Σωκράτης τοσοῦτός ἐστιν ὥστε τἀληθῆ
λέγει ἀεί .
•
–
Socrates is such a great man that he always tells the truth.
οὕτως ὁ Σωκράτης σοφός ἐστιν ὥστε τἀληθῆ
λέγει ἀεί.
•
Socrates is so wise that he always tells the truth.
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
6. Result (consecutive) clauses
•
If a comparative sets up the clause, ἤ will also
appear:
–
–
ὁ Σωκράτης σοφώτερός ἐστιν ἢ ὥστε τὰ ψευδῆ
εἶπεν.
Socrates is too wise to have told lies. (Socrates is
wiser than to have told lies).
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
6. Result (consecutive) clauses
•
If the result has not actually happened, but is
hypothetical or theoretical, the verb in the result
clause becomes an infinitive:
–
ὁ Σωκράτης τοιοῦτός ἐστιν ὥστε τἀληθῆ
λέγειν ἀεί.
•
–
Socrates is the sort of person who always tells the truth.
ὁ Σωκράτης σοφός ἐστιν ὥστε τὰ ψευδῆ μὴ
λέγειν.
•
Socrates is wise enough not to tell lies.
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
for next class (Tuesday, April 26, 2011):
• Quiz: Vocabulary Chapter 32
– Verbs: omit ἐκβαίνω
• Prepare Xenophon Reading
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
Θουκυδίδης
ὁ Ἀθηναῖος
Σικελία
Ἀθῆναι
Πύλος
Ἀθῆναι
Σπάρτα
Πύλος
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
τοσοῦτος δὲ ἦν ὁ χειμών, ὥστε κατήνεγκε τὰς τῶν
Ἀθηναίων ναῦς εἰς τὴν Πύλον· ἔδοξε δὲ τῷ Δημοσθένει,
ὃς ἦν στρατηγός, εὐθὺς τειχίζειν τὸ χωρίον· εὐπορία γὰρ
ἦν ξύλων τε καὶ λίθων. οἱ δὲ στρατιῶται οὕτω ταχέως
εἰργάζοντο, ὥστε ἓξ ἡμερῶν τὸ χωρίον ἐτείχισαν· οἱ δὲ
ἄλλοι στρατηγοὶ τὸν μὲν Δημοσθένη μετὰ νεῶν πέντε
ἐνταῦθα φύλακα κατέλιπον, ταῖς δὲ πλείοσι ναυσὶ πρὸς
Σικελίαν ἀπέπλευσαν. οἱ δὲ Λακεδαιμόνιοι εὐθὺς
ἐπορεύοντο ἐπὶ τὴν Πύλον, καὶ ἐκέλευσαν τοὺς
συμμάχους βοηθεῖν ὡς τάχιστα καὶ πέμψαι ἑξήκοντα
ναῦς· παρῆν δὲ ἤδη καὶ ὁ πεζὸς στρατός.
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
τοσοῦτος δὲ ἦν ὁ χειμών,
ὥστε κατήνεγκε τὰς τῶν Ἀθηναίων ναῦς εἰς τὴν Πύλον·
ἔδοξε δὲ τῷ Δημοσθένει,
ὃς ἦν στρατηγός,
εὐθὺς τειχίζειν τὸ χωρίον·
εὐπορία γὰρ ἦν ξύλων τε καὶ λίθων.
οἱ δὲ στρατιῶται οὕτω ταχέως εἰργάζοντο,
ὥστε ἓξ ἡμερῶν τὸ χωρίον ἐτείχισαν·
οἱ δὲ ἄλλοι στρατηγοὶ
τὸν μὲν Δημοσθένη
μετὰ νεῶν πέντε ἐνταῦθα φύλακα κατέλιπον,
ταῖς δὲ πλείοσι ναυσὶ πρὸς Σικελίαν ἀπέπλευσαν.
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
οἱ δὲ Λακεδαιμόνιοι εὐθὺς ἐπορεύοντο ἐπὶ τὴν Πύλον,
καὶ ἐκέλευσαν τοὺς συμμάχους
βοηθεῖν ὡς τάχιστα
καὶ πέμψαι ἑξήκοντα ναῦς·
παρῆν δὲ ἤδη καὶ ὁ πεζὸς στρατός.
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
ἐν δὲ τούτῳ ὁ Δημοσθένης μετεπέμψατο ἄλλας ναῦς. οἱ
δὲ Λακεδαιμόνιοι παρεσκευάζοντο ὡς τῷ τεχίσματι
προσβαλοῦντες κατά τε γῆν καὶ κατὰ θάλατταν,
ἐλπίζοντες ῥᾳδίως αἱρήσειν τὸ χωρίον, ἀνθρώπων ὀλίγων
ἐνόντων· διεβίβασαν δὲ ὁπλίτας εἰς τὴν νῆσον
Σφακτηρίαν, ἣ ἐπικεῖται τῇ Πύλῳ, καὶ ἐν τῇ ἠπείρῳ
ἄλλους ἔταξεν, ὥστε τοῖς Ἀθηναίους τήν τε νῆσον
πολεμίαν εἶναι τήν τε ἤπειρον. μετὰ δὲ τοῦτο
προσέβαλον μὲν τῷ τειχίσματι ναυσί τε ἅμα καὶ πεζῷ,
μάτην δέ.
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
ἐν δὲ τούτῳ ὁ Δημοσθένης μετεπέμψατο ἄλλας ναῦς.
οἱ δὲ Λακεδαιμόνιοι παρεσκευάζοντο
ὡς τῷ τεχίσματι προσβαλοῦντες
κατά τε γῆν
καὶ κατὰ θάλατταν,
ἐλπίζοντες ῥᾳδίως αἱρήσειν τὸ χωρίον,
ἀνθρώπων ὀλίγων ἐνόντων·
διεβίβασαν δὲ ὁπλίτας εἰς τὴν νῆσον Σφακτηρίαν,
ἣ ἐπικεῖται τῇ Πύλῳ,
καὶ ἐν τῇ ἠπείρῳ ἄλλους ἔταξεν,
ὥστε τοῖς Ἀθηναίους τήν τε νῆσον πολεμίαν εἶναι
τήν τε ἤπειρον.
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
μετὰ δὲ τοῦτο προσέβαλον
μὲν τῷ τειχίσματι ναυσί τε ἅμα καὶ πεζῷ,
μάτην δέ.
Πύλος
Σφακτηρία
ἐπικεῖται
τῇ Πύλῳ
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
ἐπεὶ δὲ πεντήκοντα ἄλλαι νῆες ἀφίκοντο, οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι
προσέβαλον τῷ τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων ναυτικῷ, ὥστε
ἔκοψαν μὲν πολλὰς ναῦς, πέντε δὲ ἔλαβον, καὶ ἀπέβαλον
πολλοὺς ἄνδρας ἐν τῇ νήσῳ. μετὰ δὲ τὴν ναυμαχίαν
ἔδοξε τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις εὐθὺς τὴν νῆσον περιπλεῖν καὶ
φυλάττειν. εἰς δὲ τὴν Σπάρτην ὡς ἠγγέλθη τὰ γενόμενα
περὶ Πύλον, ἔδοξε τοῖς Λακεδαιμονίοις σπονδὰς
ποιήσασθαι καὶ πρέσβεις πέμψαι εἰς τὰς Ἀθήνας, ὅπως
τοὺς ἄνδρας ὡς τάχιστα σὼσειαν.
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
ἐπεὶ δὲ πεντήκοντα ἄλλαι νῆες ἀφίκοντο,
οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι προσέβαλον τῷ τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων ναυτικῷ,
ὥστε ἔκοψαν μὲν πολλὰς ναῦς,
πέντε δὲ ἔλαβον,
καὶ ἀπέβαλον πολλοὺς ἄνδρας ἐν τῇ νήσῳ.
μετὰ δὲ τὴν ναυμαχίαν ἔδοξε τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις
εὐθὺς τὴν νῆσον περιπλεῖν
καὶ φυλάττειν.
εἰς δὲ τὴν Σπάρτην ὡς ἠγγέλθη τὰ γενόμενα περὶ Πύλον,
ἔδοξε τοῖς Λακεδαιμονίοις σπονδὰς
ποιήσασθαι
καὶ πρέσβεις πέμψαι εἰς τὰς Ἀθήνας,
ὅπως τοὺς ἄνδρας ὡς τάχιστα σὼσειαν.
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
34 ἀπεκρίθη οὖν αὐτῷ ὁ ὄχλος, Ἡμεῖς ἠκούσαμεν ἐκ τοῦ
νόμου ὅτι ὁ Χριστὸς μένει εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα, καὶ πῶς σὺ
λέγεις ὅτι δεῖ ὑψωθῆναι τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου; τίς ἐστιν
οὗτος ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου;
αἰών -ῶνος ὁ eternity
ὄχλος –ου ὁ crowd
ὑψόω lift up, exalt
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
35 εἶπεν οὖν αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς, Ἔτι μικρὸν χρόνον τὸ φῶς
ἐν ὑμῖν ἐστιν. περιπατεῖτε ὡς τὸ φῶς ἔχετε, ἵνα μὴ σκοτία
ὑμᾶς καταλάβῃ· καὶ ὁ περιπατῶν ἐν τῇ σκοτίᾳ οὐκ οἶδεν
ποῦ ὑπάγει. 36 ὡς τὸ φῶς ἔχετε, πιστεύετε εἰς τὸ φῶς, ἵνα
υἱοὶ φωτὸς γένησθε. ταῦτα ἐλάλησεν Ἰησοῦς, καὶ
ἀπελθὼν ἐκρύβη ἀπ’ αὐτῶν.
(Κατὰ Ἰωάννην 12.34-36)
καταλαμβάνω –λήψομαι –έλαβον
overtake
κρύπτω hide
λαλέω speak, say
περιπατέω live, walk around
σκοτία –ας ἡ darkness
ὑπάγω depart
φῶς φωτός τό light