V2012.13
Agenda
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Week ‘0’ Meeting Review
Fundraising
Community Service
Resources
Week 1 Topic - CPUs: From Phones to Servers
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Community & Fundraising
• Fundraising : Why do we need funds?
– To Build a system
~$700-$900
• Community
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Tech Crew Resources
• AHS Tech Crew
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On the web: http://ahstechcrew.org
Follow us on Twitter: #AHSTechCrew
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• T-Shirts
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Future Meeting Preview
GAMING
OPERATING
SYSTEM
NETWORK
CLOUD
PERIPHERALS
STORAGE
I/O
CPU
NETWORK
DATA &
DATABASES
GRAPHICS
MEMORY
GRAPHICS
LANGUAGES
VIRTUAL
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APP
DEVELOPMENT
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Future Meeting Preview
• Included in each topic:
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Guest Speaker*
Brief History
Definition
Technical Overview
Trends
Classroom/Online Challenges
Hands on (when practical)
Additional Content/Links
Project**
NETWORK
STORAGE
I/O
CPU
GRAPHICS
MEMORY
*Not for every topic
**Based on interest
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Terminology can be Confusing!
MPU
Core
SoC
Nanometer
QUAD-CORE
CPUPACKAGE
DUAL-CORE
DIE
GHz
clock speed
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THREAD
Processor
Embedded
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So, What is a CPU?
• Central Processing Unit
• Main central processing power of the computer
• Does the "thinking" for the computer and tells
other components (of the computer) what to do
and when
• Think of it as the human brain. It controls the
whole body, and without it, we don't run
• Terms CPU, Processor and MPU (Micro
Processor Unit) are interchangeable
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How are CPUs Made?
• There are 3 main components:
– Package/Substrate
• Is what you get when you buy a single processor
• It contains one or more dies and gold-plated contacts that
match those on your motherboard
– Die
• A single piece of silicon. A die can contain any number of
cores
• Processor die is where the transistors making up the CPU
actually reside
– Core
• Execution engine
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CPU Diagram
Cores
Package
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Heat
Disperser
Die
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How are CPUs Made? (cont.)
• Composed of thin layers (die) of thousands of
transistors often call semi-conductors
• CPU is composed of millions (and soon billions)
of transistors (semi-conductors)
• AMD, IBM, Intel, Motorola, Sun/Oracle are just a
few of the companies that make most of the
CPU's used for various kinds of computers
including, phones, desktops, mainframes and
supercomputers
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Intel Core-i5 Die
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Wait, So What is a Core?
• Processor core is an independent execution
unit that can run one program thread at a time in
parallel with other cores
• Today’s modern CPUs have either 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 or
more cores
• Multi-Core Processors
– Dual-Core (2), Quad-Core (4), Hexa-Core (6), etc
• Because multiple cores can run multiple
instructions at the same time, overall speed is
increased for programs or applications
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Now I’m Confused, What is a Thread?
• Thread (short for "thread of execution") is merely
an ordered sequence of instructions that tells the
computer what to do (a task)
• Thread count is the number of individual tasks
which can be executing simultaneously on the
CPU itself
• Without any additional or special hardware, this
is always equal to the core count
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Where Does Clock Rate Fit?
• The speed at which a microprocessor executes
instructions
• The faster the clock, the more instructions the
CPU can execute per second
• Clock speeds are expressed in megahertz
(MHz) or gigahertz (GHz)
• Clock rate is only one of several factors that can
influence performance when comparing
processors in different families
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And Then There’s Bit Size …
• At their most basic level, computers
communicate in binary language
• Binary can be thought of as a series of switches
that can either be "on“ (1) or "off“ (0),
representing the presence or absence of
electricity
• As the number of bits increases there are two
important benefits:
– More data can be processed in larger chunks
– Access to larger physical memory
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OK, One More Time …
• A CPU is made up of a die, core(s) and a
package/substrate
• CPUs can have multiple cores
• Each core can execute a thread in parallel
• The clock dictates how fast tasks are executed
• Larger ‘bit’ systems can access more memory in
bigger chunks
• Performance isn’t necessarily measured by
biggest and fasted
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CPUs: A Brief History
• ENIAC ("Electronic Numerical Integrator And
Computer") was built in 1943
• Used nearly 17,500 vacuum tubes, 7,200 diodes
and many miles of wire. It took up 1,800 square
feet of space, and weighed almost 30 tons!
• Cost around $500,000. That’s about $6 million
today, adjusted for inflation
• Original programmers of ENIAC computer were
women
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CPUs: A Brief History
• ENIAC took 70 hours to work out pi to 2000
decimal places
• A modern PC with a CPU the size of 2x2 cm is
exponentially faster than ENIAC, which used up
an entire room
• For an example, a modern PC can calculate a
million decimal places of pi in about 10 seconds
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ENIAC
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CPUs: A Brief History
1971: Intel 4004 processor
1972: Intel 8008 processor
1974: Intel 8080 processor
1976: Intel 8085 processor
1978: Intel 8086 / 8088 processors
1982: Intel 80186 processor
1982: Intel 80286 processor
1982: AMD begins manufacturing IBM processors
1985: Intel 80386 DX processor
1988: Intel 80386 SX processor
1989: Intel 80486 DX processor
1989: Cyrix FasMath 83D87 & 83S8 math co-processors
1990: Intel 80386 SL processor
1991: Intel 80486 SX processors
1991: AMD's Am386 processor
1992: Intel 80486 SL processor
1992: Cyrix 486SLC & Cyrix 486DLC
1993: Intel Pentium processor
1993: AMD Am486 processor
1993: Cyrix 486DRx2 & Cyrix 486SLC
1995: Cyrix 5x86
1995: Intel Pentium Pro processor
1995: AMD-K5 processor
1995: Cyrix 6x86
1996: Cyrix MediaGX processor
1997: Intel Pentium II processor
1997: AMD-K6 processor
1998: Intel Pentium II Xeon Server processor
1998: Intel Pentium Celeron processor
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1999: Intel Pentium III processor
1999: Intel Pentium Celeron Mobile processor
1999: Intel Pentium III Xeon processor
1999: AMD Athlon
1999: Cyrix M3
2000: Intel Pentium 4 processor
2001: Intel Xeon processor
2001: Intel Itanium processor
2001: AMD Athlon MP
2002: Intel Itanium 2 processor
2002: AMD Athlon XP
2003: Intel Pentium M (Mobile) processor
2003: Intel Pentium 4 processor with Hyper-Threading
2003: AMD Opteron Server Processor
2003: AMD Athlon 64 Processor
2004: AMD Dual Core x86 based processor
2004: Intel Pentium Celeron D processor
2005: Intel Dual Core Xeon processor
2005: AMD Turion 64 Mobile
2005: AMD Athlon 64 x2 (Dual Core)
2006: Intel Core Duo processor
2006: Intel Core Solo ULV processor
2006: Intel Dual Core Itanium 2 processor
2006: Intel Quad-Core Xeon processor
2006: Intel Core 2 Duo processor
2006: Intel Pentiom Core 2 Extreme processor
2006: Intel Pentiom Core Solo processor
2007: Intel Core 2 Quad processor
2008: Intel Core2 Extreme
2008: Intel Atom
2009: AMD Quad-Core Opteron processor
2009: AMD Athlon Neo mobile processor
2009: AMD Six-Core Opteron processor
2009: Intel Core i7
2009: Intel Core i5
2009: AMD Phenom II X4
2010: Intel Core i3
2010: AMD Phenom II X6
2010: AMD Opteron 4000 series
2010: AMD Opteron 6000 series (8 core and 12 core processors)
2010: AMD Opteron 6100 series (8 core and 12 core processors)
2011: AMD Fusion series (CPU and GPU on a single die)
2011: Intel 2nd Generation Core i3
2011: Intel 2nd Generation Core i5
2011: Intel 2nd Generation Core i7
2012: Intel 3rd Generation Core i3
2012: Intel 3rd Generation Core i5
2012: Intel 3rd Generation Core i7
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Moore’s Law
• Gordon Moore, Intel co-founder
• Simplified version states:
‘The number of transistors on a chip will
double approximately every two years’
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Moore’s Law
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Moore’s Law
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Moore’s Law
• He also stated the law cannot be sustained
indefinitely:
‘It can't continue forever. The nature of
exponentials is that you push them out
and eventually disaster happens’
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Challenge #1
Can you think of any issues
with the increase of processor
speeds and memory?
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Different Types of CPUs
• Embedded
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Limited processing (although that’s changing)
Smaller memory footprints
Power consumption
SoC (System on a Chip)
• Server
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More cores or multiple CPU configurations
More/faster I/O
Error-correcting RAM
Redundancy
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What Can We Expect in the Future?
• Advances in transistors
• Lower Power Consumption
– "Near Threshold Voltage“
• Refers to the amount of voltage required to switch a
transistor from 0 to 1
• An NTV processor is able to operate much closer to the
On/Off point. The result is a significant level of power
savings.
• Digital Radio (for phones, tablets, etc)
– Used with WiFi, Bluetooth and 3G/4G chips
– Convert analog technology to digital
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What Can We Expect in the Future?
• More-than-Moore” (MtM) Scaling
– The goal of MtM scaling is to extend the same design
principles which have driven digital device scaling for
decades over to analog circuitry, and to integrate
those technologies
– More than Moore explores a new area of
micro/nanoelectronics, which reaches beyond the
boundaries of conventional semiconductor
technologies and applications
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More than Moore
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What Can We Expect in the Future?
• Focus on SoC
– SoC integrates almost all ‘computing’ components
into a single silicon chip
– Along with a CPU, an SoC usually contains a GPU (a
graphics processor), memory, USB controller, power
management circuits, and wireless radios (WiFi, 3G,
4G LTE, and so on)
– Whereas a CPU cannot function without dozens of
other chips, it’s possible to build complete computers
with just a single SoC
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Questions/Comments?
Scott Seighman
scotts@ahstechcrew.org
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