WORKSHOP ON LABELING OF WINES IN
ACCORDANCE WITH THE NEW EU
STANDARDS
PORT WINE
AN EXAMPLE OF A PDO
ALBERTO RIBEIRO DE ALMEIDA, Ph.D.
DOURO AND PORT WINE INSTITUTE (IVDP)
BELGRADE, SERBIA
30 JANUARY 2013
INTRODUCTION
Portuguese institutional wine organization –private
and public sphere.
The Douro and Port Wine Institute (structure and
functions) – the specificity of the Douro
Demarcated Region.
Appellations of origin versus geographical
indications.
Legal status – the territoriality principle and other
restrictions.
Port wine protection: national and international.
PORTUGUESE INSTITUTIONAL WINE
ORGANIZATION–PRIVATE AND
PUBLIC SPHERE
Ministry for Agriculture, Sea, Environment and
Spatial Planning.
Douro and Port Wine Institute (IVDP).
Madeira Wine Institute (IVBAM).
Vine and Wine Institute (IVV).
Interprofissional Vitiviniculture
Commissions (CVR).
Public, interprofissional and private control.
NATIONAL ORGANIZATION
1. Vine and Wine Institute (IVV) – Public authority:
a) Coordination, regulation and control.
For example: vine control and audit powers over
certification bodies.
b) International representation (EU) in cooperation
with certification bodies.
c) Execute European programs for the wine sector in
cooperation with certification bodies (promotion).
2. Certification bodies:
a) IVDP – Public authority – accredited by the EN
45011 (new rule: ISO/IEC 17065:2012).
b) CVR – Private body.
c) IVBAM – Public authority.
PDO
PGI
DO/DOC
VINHO
REGIONAL
PORT WINE SALES
Port wine sales
2012
MAIN MARKETS
VALUE
million euros
FRANCE
1º
80,2
PORTUGAL
2º
UNITED KINGDOM
3º
HOLLAND
D % 2011
QUANTITY
AVERAGE PRICE
million cases 9 l D % 2011
euros/liter D % 2011
-2,3
1º
2,6
-2,6
3,48
0,4
51,2
2,2
3º
1,2
2,5
4,68
-0,3
46,5
10,8
4º
1,1
6,1
4,86
4,5
4º
44,4
3,1
2º
1,4
3,7
3,55
-0,5
BELGIUM
5º
35,4
-0,2
5º
1,0
-1,7
3,75
1,5
USA
6º
28,1
5,6
6º
0,4
3,0
7,49
2,5
CANADA
7º
14,3
-4,0
8º
0,2
-6,1
9,47
2,3
GERMANY
8º
11,5
-3,6
7º
0,3
-2,2
3,73
-1,4
DENMARK
9º
6,3
-28,4
10º
0,1
-27,4
6,13
-1,4
SPAIN
10º
4,8
-8,2
9º
0,1
-3,5
4,23
-4,9
BRAZIL
11º
4,1
-22,8
11º
0,1
-21,3
4,46
-1,9
31,5
3,5
0,6
3,2
5,71
0,2
358,1
0,7
9,2
-0,1
4,34
0,8
306,9
0,4
7,9
-0,5
4,29
0,9
OTHERS
TOTAL
SHIPMENTS
DOURO WINE SALES
DOURO WINE SALES
2012
MAIN MARKETS
VALUE
million euros
D % 2011
QUANTITY
million cases 9
D % 2011
l
1º
1,46
-1,0
PORTUGAL
1º
51,7
0,3
ANGOLA
3º
5,2
47,7
2º
0,17
CANADA
2º
5,6
11,2
3º
BRAZIL
4º
4,3
-1,6
GERMANY
5º
3,1
-2,4
USA
7º
2,9
-1,1
16,4
OTHERS
TOTAL
shipments
AVERAGE PRICE
euros/liter D % 2011
3,92
1,3
40,8
3,38
4,9
0,14
6,2
4,32
4,7
4º
0,13
0,4
3,83
-2,0
5º
0,08
2,7
4,44
-5,0
6º
0,07
-9,7
4,59
9,6
9,5
0,45
8,1
4,07
1,3
89,2
4,2
2,50
3,0
3,96
1,2
37,6
10,2
1,04
9,1
4,02
1,0
THE IVDP (STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTIONS) – THE SPECIFICITY OF
THE DDR
Wine and Vine Policy
Protection
Promotion
Market regulation
Certification
Control
• Regulations (production; labeling; brandy; traditional expressions;
quality, including ageing, method of production, vinification and bottling,
etc.);
• Physical and chemical analysis (a accredited laboratory);
• Organoleptic analysis (special regulation; accredited tasting chamber);
• Local and physical controls (made everyday by 6 teams);
• Penalties (specially fines, besides criminal measures).
THE IVDP (STRUCTURE
AND FUNCTIONS)
Examples of instruments of control:
• Not all the areas inside the Douro Region can produce Port wine.
And even those that can produce Port wine, not all of them can
produce the same quantity – there is a classification. In fact, of the
entire amount of land under vines, only 31.423 ha are authorized
for Port Wine. The vines that are considered appropriate for this
wine are selected according to a criteria of quality based on a
Scoring Method.
• “Production authorization” – each producer receives a document
classifying his parcel.
THE IVDP (STRUCTURE
AND FUNCTIONS)
THE IVDP (STRUCTURE
AND FUNCTIONS)
Classification of parcels:
A >1200
B between 1001 and 1200 points
C between 801 and 1000 points
D between 601 and 800 points
E between 401 and 600 points
F between 201 and 400 points
THE DOURO REGION
Scoring method of the plots
Factors and minimum and maximum
score
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Location
Altitude
Slope
Bedrock
Gross elements
Exposure
Shelter
Income
Vine
Planting density
Driving system
Age
-50 to 600
-900 to 240
1 to 101
-400 to 100
0 to 80
-30 to 100
0 to 60
-900 to 120
-300 to 420
-50 to 50
-500 to 100
0 to 60
Classification of plots:
•
•
•
•
•
•
A
B
C
D
E
F
> 1200 points
1001 to1200 points
801 to1000 points
601 to 800 points
401 to 600 points
201 to 400 points
ha
Total area of the region
250,000
Vineyard Area (ha)
45,215
Potential area for DOs
38,931
DO Porto Area (A-F)
31,423
Total of winegrowers
34,814
THE IVDP (STRUCTURE
AND FUNCTIONS)
Quantity of Port that maybe produced
• The quantity of Port wine to be produced is distributed among
the above referred parcels taking into account the
classification of each parcel.
• Quality mechanism.
• It is important to have mechanisms to control quantity and
quality (proposals at Brussels – EFOW).
• Quality reserve and yield per hectare (Champagne case).
THE IVDP (STRUCTURE
AND FUNCTIONS)
All the producers and traders must be registered.
With the Harvest and Production Declaration (DCP) the
“Current account” is opened.
Control of the yield per hectare.
Minimum quantity of Port wine stored.
Control of the quantity and the quality.
Any displacement must be communicated.
Physical and chemical analysis; organoleptic test.
The Port wine is registered according to its category (a
Vintage, a Late Bottled Vintage, a Harvest Port, etc.).
The Douro also (Reserve; “Quinta”, etc.).
THE IVDP (STRUCTURE
AND FUNCTIONS)
In the Port wine sector all the wine must
be bottled inside the region.
It is not allowed to cross the line of the
Douro region or the restricted area of
Vila Nova de Gaia with any wines – in
bulk – from outside.
Inside the Douro region and the
restricted area of Vila Nova the Gaia we
can only find wines that are produced in
the Douro region.
THE IVDP (STRUCTURE
AND FUNCTIONS)
Physical and chemical analysis; organoleptic test:
Control by the laboratory (certified);
Control by the tasting chamber (certified):
Independent and objective (criteria).
Possible appeal to a Interprofissional Chamber.
We keep a registration of the wine that was approved.
Control of the quantity and the quality:
Physical controls at the parcels, wineries and cellars:
Samples are collected from the wine still in
bulk or during the bottling process.
At the market place:
We buy Port and Douro wines all around the
world.
Quality Services
Technical services
Registration
Laboratory
Code
FDO / FDO_SAQ
Samples
Others
Finish
Decodification
Tasting
Chamber
Archive and
Prove
Bulletin
Result.
Control of
Quality
certificate
Registry
Contas-correntes
Expedition
Control and validation
documents of transport
D.S.T.
Result
THE IVDP (STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTIONS)
All the labels must be previously approved (stricter rules).
All the wines must have a guarantee seal.
The shipper is not allowed to sell all the quantity of Port
wine that it has in its cellars - quantity of Port wine that
may be traded (“Lei do Terço”):
Quality function;
If a Port wine shipper wants to wind up the Port wine
business, the IVDP will establish some rules in order to
avoid the market instability.
All of these mechanisms guarantee the quality and the
prestige of the appellation of origin.
PDO AND PGI – INDUSTRIAL
PROPERTY RIGHTS
APPELLATIONS OF ORIGIN AND
GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS
Wine appellations of origin and geographical
indications in Portugal:
DOP, DO, DOC;
IGP, “regional wine”.
Wines without geographical indication or
appellation of origin.
Industrial Property Code.
Wine law.
New CMO: PDO and PGI.
APPELLATIONS OF ORIGIN
VERSUS GEOGRAPHICAL
INDICATIONS
Main elements:
Demarcation: origin and region;
Specifications: quality and characteristics;
Control: certification and guarantee.
Differences:
Link with the region;
The production process.
Trademarks and certification marks.
Port
Appellation of origin.
Douro
Appellation of origin.
Duriense
Vinho regional – wine with a geographical indication.
DOURO WINES
Port
Appellation of origin
White
Reserve
Colheita
Aged
Ruby
Reserve
Crusted
Late Bottled Vintage or LBV
Vintage
Tawny
Reserve
Colheita
Aged (10, 20, 30, 40 years old)
Rosé
DOURO WINES
Douro
Appellation of origin
Still wines
Late harvest
Reserve / Special reserve / Grande reserva
Grande escolha
Colheita / Colheita seleccionada
Moscatel
Reserve / Colheita / Aged (10, 20, 30, 40 years old)
Sparkling
Reserve / Super-reserve (extra-reserve) / Old reserve
(grande reserva) /Cuvée
Colheita /Colheita selecionada / Millesime
Duriense
Vinho regional – Wine with a geographical indication
Still wine and sparkling
LEGAL STATUS – THE
TERRITORIALITY PRINCIPLE AND
OTHER RESTRICTIONS
National protection – very strong.
European Law – strong.
International status:
Bilateral agreements;
Multilateral agreements (Paris, Madrid,
Lisbon and TRIPs).
Port examples – the pirates.
It is not loyal and is seriously damaging the
Port wine appellation of origin.
Great Wall of China
PIRATES, IMITATORS AND ...
OTHERS
Pirates:
Californian Port (and others in the USA);
Russia
Argentina
Imitators:
“Puertopablo”
“Puerto Casal”
“Porte Noir”
“Porte d’Or”
“Puerto Alegro”
“Portly Ruby”
Brazil, Peru, India.
Parasites:
“Port Truffles”; “Pâté au Porto”, etc.
PIRATES, IMITATORS AND ...
OTHERS
NATIONAL PROTECTION - WINE
SECTOR RULES AND INDUSTRIAL
PROPERTY CODE
High level of protection
usurpations, imitations,
evocations
any false or misleading
indication
cannot become generic
prestigious appellations of
origin
traditional expressions
unfair competition
National authorities and
sanctions
judiciary authority :
prison sentence or a
penal sum
civil measures and civil
responsibility
administrative authority:
penalty (a fine)
customs authorities:
seizure measures
INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION
Bilateral agreements:
Concluded by Portugal
Celebrated by the European Union
South Africa, Canada, Chile
“phasing-out”
USA
“The maintenance of past sins”
and no phasing-out
Australia
Homonymous: “Port Phillip”
Registration systems:
India, Brazil, Peru, Colombia,
Central America.
Map of Pangaea
INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION
Multilateral agreements:
Paris Convention (1883)
Very weak protection
Madrid agreement for the repression of false or deceptive
indications of source on goods (1891)
Wine appellations of origin cannot become generic
Lisbon agreement for the protection of appellations of origin
and their international registration (1958)
Strong protection
TRIPs agreement
Unbalance agreement
“The maintenance of past sins”
NEW CMO
High level of protection:
PDO and PGI
Registration system
Protection:
Any direct or indirect commercial use
Comparable products or exploitation of
reputation
Misuse, imitation or evocation
Any other false or misleading indication
Any other practice liable to mislead the
consumer
Cannot become generic
Critics:
Relationship with trademarks
Homonymous
CONCLUSION
Appellations of origin and geographical
indications
Demarcated Region
Specifications
Certification and control body (independent and
objective)
Quality function (consumer protection)
Appellations of origin and geographical indications
are Intellectual Property Rights (communal property)
Copyright, patents, trademarks…
Same level of protection
Differences? Why?