Organic Mental Disorders 器質性精神病 楊智傑 醫師 台北榮民總醫院精神部 國立陽明大學醫學系精神學科 Case 1 一位住院病人的家屬向查房的內科醫師表示: 「醫生,我爸爸為什麼晚上不睡覺,認不得人, 看到牆壁上有幻影,還不吃飯,說有人在菜中下 毒」,經會診精神科,原來是因病患身體嚴重感 染,腦部功能暫時異常引起譫妄,產生像精神病 的症狀,經感染控制後,精神症狀就消失了。 以上案例是內外科住院病人因身體因素引起之急 性器質性精神病。 Acute Organic Mental Disorders 此種急性器質性精神病常見表現為 意識模糊、睡眠障礙、錯亂、語無倫次、靜呆、 幻覺、譫妄、坐立不安、無感情、激動、誇大、 焦慮、迷惘狀態、人及物的失識及記憶力障礙等 症狀 其原因為腦部疾病,如急性腦部創傷、腦部感染、 腦瘤及血管性疾病等, Acute Organic Mental Disorders 其他常見原因為 全身性疾病,包括藥物、毒物、內分泌障礙、肝臟 腦病變、腎臟尿毒性腦病變、肺臟一氧化炭中毒及 缺氧性腦病變、心血管心臟衰竭、維他命缺乏、全 身性感染、電解質不平衡、手術後狀態、創傷等。 處理方式主要為檢驗及治療引起精神症狀之身體因 素。 Chronic Organic Mental Disorders 例如慢性腦傷、癲癇、巴金氏症及老年失智症等 會引起如人格退化症狀,如缺乏機智、禮貌、體 貼及敏銳的感覺,另外也出現新的特質改變,如 變的囉唆、迂迴、強求、未壓抑等,或變的冷漠、 遲鈍、延緩及笨拙等,及變的喜怒無常、易怒、 埋怨及爆發性等, Chronic Organic Mental Disorders 除了人格退化及改變外,慢性器質精神病亦會引 起智力功能的障礙,包括記憶力、注意力、理解 力、判斷力障礙,一般說來,人格退化及智力功 能障礙是慢性及不可逆,並且是進行性的。 除此之外,有時如急性器質性精神病一樣,亦會 合併有妄想、幻覺、憂鬱、躁症、焦慮及行為障 礙等精神症狀,此時可針對精神症狀給予精神藥 物之治療。 Organic Mental Disorders 器質性精神病有下面之特色: (1)是因身體疾病引起的。 (2)身體的疾病和精神病症狀之間有明顯 時間關係。 (3)並且兩者之病程經過,一定有平行的 關係。 如此可說器質性精神病是「外因性」或「器質 性」,也可說是以身體障礙為基礎之精神病。 Commonly Used Terms Confusion: unable to think with customary clarity and coherent Clouding of consciousness: the mildest sate of impairment of consciousness Twilight states: dream-like states Coma: extreme of impairment of consciousness Stupor: organic and non-organic Organic personality change Chronic amnesic syndrome Organic hallucinosis Delirium Dementia Organic Mental Disorders Delirium (譫妄) Dementia (失智) Other organic psychiatric syndromes Neurological syndromes Epilepsy Clinical manifestation Focal Acute Diffuse Focal Chronic Diffuse Differential Diagnosis Differentiation from non-organic conditions: EEG, psychometric testing, radiographic procedures and functional brain imaging techniques Differentiation between acute and chronic organic reactions: history of the mode of onset of disorder Differentiation between diffuse and focal lesions: EEG, ERP, MRI, Functional MRI, MEG, MRS, Lumbar puncture Causes of acute and chronic organic reactions Delirium Acute generalized impairment of brain function. The most important features is impairment of consciousness. The primary cause is often outside the brain (eg …anoxia due to respiratory failure). Dementia Chronic generalized impairment of brain function. Characterized by impairment of intellect ,memory & personality without impairment of consciousness. The primary cause is within the brain . Most cases are irreversible (few can be treated) Case 2 78歲老太太,已婚,原本職業為國文老師 病人被家屬帶來門診,會談時,病人仍有 說有笑,但提及先生時,就突然破口大罵, 說先生把她的錢都拿走了 子女表示病人和她的先生原本感情很好。 這兩年老太太的記憶力變差了,常找不到 東西,個性也變了… Case 3 75歲老榮民,單身,退休後為教會牧師。 近半年來房東發現病人租金常忘了繳,但問病人 時病人又堅持已經繳了。房東不得已之下,經榮 民服務處協助,安排病人於榮民之家安養。 到榮家後,工作人員發現病人常走錯房間,和不 認識的住民稱兄道弟,認錯為其他人。生活上常 常不洗澡,情緒也變得容易生氣,不耐煩。 Case 4 80歲老榮民,單身,近幾年於榮民之家安養。 近半年來病人出現動作遲緩,手抖等症狀,被診 斷為巴金森氏症。 近兩個月,病人向室友表示晚上會看到鬼,要起 來抓鬼。室友也因此感覺很害怕… Delirium vs. Dementia Disease Course - Dementia Prognosis - Delirium Among delirious hospitalized medical patients mortality is as high as 20–40%. I WATCH DEATH Infectious Withdrawal Acute Metabolic Trauma CBS Hypoxia/hypercarbia Deficiencies Environmental/Endocrine Acute Vascular Toxins/Drugs Heavy Metal Infectious Sepsis Encephalitis Meningitis Central nervous system abcess Withdrawal Alcohol Benzodiazepines Barbiturates Acute Metabolic Hypo/hyperglycemia Hypo/hypernatremia Hypercalcemia Hypomagnesemia Acidosis Renal failure Hepatic failure Trauma Head trauma CNS Disease Brain haemorrhage Tumor Epilepsy Vasculitis Hypoxia/Hypercarbia Hemoglobinopathies e.g carboxyhemoglobin Deficiencies B12, thiamine Environmental/Endocrine Hypo/hyperthermia Hyperthyroid Hypocortisolemia Toxins/Drugs Street drugs EtOH, MeOH CO, industrial poisons (CN) Medications Prevention Good general medical and nursing care Recognition and effective treatment Screening for alcohol dependence is important Thorough physical exams in elderly patients Hypnotics are associated with an increased risk of delirium; routine use should be avoided