Voice Fold Nodules 小组成员:董艳茹、孙明宇、谢玲园、周齐昕 (以姓氏拼音排序,如有雷同,纯属巧合) Voice Fold Nodules 分工: 茹茹:查找文献资料、声带小结治疗(中医) 宇宇:查找文献资料、除去声带小结治疗部分剩下的英文内容讲解 谢谢:除去声带小结治疗部分剩下的中文内容讲解 昕昕:查找文献资料、声带小结治疗(西医) Functional Dysphonia(FD) Vocal Nodules (VN) Spasmodic Dysphonia (SD) 痉挛性发生困难 NO.1 Voice disorders Limitations of Existing Research? ×The voice literature is full of speculations linking FD,VNand SD to psychological precursors and personality variables ×The majority of writings on this topic are based primarily on anecdote and clinical impressions ×Most studies mix voice disorder types and sexes into a single group ×Rendering interpretation(翻译解释) of the results difficult ×Objective(客观的) research is scarce ×This hinders(阻碍) interpretations of commonality versus specificity (Deary et al., 1997). History Treatment Definiton Cause Diagnose VN Prognosis Effection Location Appearance Typical symptoms Pathological changes NO2、Voice fold nodules History 1 × Authors have attempted to distinguish VN from other mass lesions and other voice disorders, such as FD. × However, some clinicians have classified VN as a functional disorder and have emphasized(强调) the role of Psychological(心理) precursors and predisposing personality factors (Arnold, 1962; Aronson, 1990; Wilson, 1987). NO.2 Voice fold nodules History 2 × One common view is that people with vocal nodules are talkative and have aggressive tendencies (Arnold, 1962; Aronson, 1990; Green, 1989; Mosby, 1970; Nemec, 1961; Toohill, 1975; Wilson, 1971; Wilson & Lamb, 1974; Withers & Dawson, 1960). NO.2 Voice fold nodules History 3 × Elevated levels of anxiety, emotional reactivity, and maladjustment(失调), as well as high levels of extraversion(外向性), have been found among patients with VN (Mosby, 1970; Peter & Brandell, 1980; Toohill, 1975; Yano, Ichimura, Hoshino, & Nozue, 1982). × Vocal nodules are considered a common manifestation(表 现)of vocal hyperfunction-- that is, abuse and/or misuse of the vocal mechanism due to excessive and/or "imbalanced" muscular forces (Hillman, Holmberg, Perkell, Walsh, & Vaughan, 1989, 1990) NO.2 Voice fold nodules History 4 × The short-term results of behavioral treatment programs or surgical excision切除 are generally favorable (Bouchayer & Cornut, 1988; Lancer, Syder, Jones, & Le Boutilli 1988; Murry & Woodson, 1992), × but few studies have objectively evaluated long-term clinical Outcomes(效果). × It appears that despite the efforts of surgeons and voice therapists, the lesions in some adults are resistant (顽固的) to treatment and/or tend to recur (Bridger & Epstein, 1983). NO.2 Voice fold nodules History 5 In a recent study using the MMPI (明尼苏达多方面个性人格一览表) (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) Roy, McGrory, and Bless (1995) identified elevated levels of psychological distress(不幸) and Somatic(躯体的)complaintsin a group of adult female VN patients when compared to a medical outpatient control group. free of mucosal disease Voice fold nodules History 6 Recently, White, Deary, and Wilson (1997), using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ)(艾森克人格问卷), Suggests a trend toward elevated levels of extraversion and anxiety among subjects with VN. Further research is necessary to better appreciate the relationship between personality and VN development and maintenance(维护). History Treatment Definiton Cause Diagnose VN Prognosis Effection Location Appearance Typical symptoms Pathological changes NO 3、Voice fold nodules——Definition Vocal nodules are benign callous-like lesions of the vocal folds often attributed to chronic, repetitive phonotrauma producing biomechanical tissue Stresses and reactive histological changes. Vocal fold nodules develop mostly in adult females, and children of both sexes. History Treatment Definiton Cause Diagnose VN Prognosis Effection Location Appearance Typical symptoms Pathological changes NO 4. Voice fold nodules——Cause × strenuous(紧张性的) or abusive voice practices Eg.Yelling and coughing × use their voice constantly in a loud environment Eg.teachers, cheerleaders, politicians, actors, preachers, singers, and military drill instructors. × Abuse of larynx NO 4. Voice fold nodules——Cause(中医方面) 祖国医学虽无声带息肉和声带小结的病名记载 但《类证治裁》中有“其逆风中号, 致伤会厌者” 《医统》中有“ 因歌唱伤气而声不出, 此不内外因也, 养息自愈” 《景岳全书》谓“暗哑之病, 当知虚实, 实者其病在标, 因窍闭而暗 虚者, 其病在本, 内夺而暗也” 均近乎声带息肉和声带小结 当属于中医的“ 慢喉暗” 、“久暗” 的范畴 历代中医皆认为其病因是“ 金破不鸣” , 即肺气虚损, 肺气不能“ 贯喉咙而出音声” 而致声嘶。 而近年来对声带息肉和小结的病因病机有了新的认识。 如白华认为脾与耳鼻咽喉存在着密切关系, “咽喉干燥, 病在脾土” , 因肺脾气虚, 咽喉失养而声嘶 邵云亦认为疲血痰浊凝聚咽喉,闭阻声门, 清窍失于清疏, 痰结日久而变生有形赘肉, 防碍发声而为病 王龙认为咽喉诸病的发生与五脏六腑、阴阳气血密切相关 NO 4. Voice fold nodules——Cause (中医方面) 综合上述之说 无论哪种病因最后导致该病的基本病机均为气滞血癖痰浊凝聚于喉间 此外, 任光荣则提出“火郁” 学说, 认为本病虽是慢性疾患, 并非纯属虚证, 其虚处受邪即为实, 把“ 火郁” 作为本病各种证候中共有的基本病机 NO 4. Voice fold nodules——Cause中国研究情况 ) 因长期用声不当或用声过度所致。 常见于喜爱说话的男孩和成年妇女,尤其好发于职业性用喉者 如:大班上课的教师,超过其自然音域歌唱的高音歌唱家等。 声带的前2/3段为膜性组织,参与声带的振动,其后1/3段为杓状软骨 以动态电视喉镜可对声带缘的振动作详尽的观察。 声带小结的位置多在膜性声带的中点, 因该处为每振动波的剪力和切力的最高点, 用声不当或用声过度可于该点发生局限性充血和水肿。 初期常在粘膜下有可逆性积液, History Treatment Definiton Cause Diagnose VN Prognosis Effection Location Appearance Typical symptoms Pathological changes NO.5 Voice fold nodules—— Location and Appearence NO.5 Voice fold nodules—— Location and Appearence 儿童 NO.5 Voice fold nodules—— Location and Appearence NO.5 Voice fold nodules—— Location and Appearence —middle third site × Lesions in superficial layer of lamina propria × Bilateral × Anterior 初期的小结柔软而带红色, 覆以正常的鳞状上皮,基质呈水肿状, 并有血管增生,血管扩张。 中期的小结则较坚实, 有纤维和透明样变性。 晚期小结呈苍白色, 上皮增厚和角化, 也有棘细胞层增厚和不全角化。 History Treatment Definiton Cause Diagnose VN Prognosis Effection Location Appearance Typical symptoms Pathological changes NO.6 Voice fold nodules—— Pathological changes ×Vasculatized or edematous充血或水肿 ×Fibrous ×间接喉镜下,早期可见声带游离缘前、中1/3交接处, 在发声时有分泌物附着,当声带外展时分泌物呈丝状横跨于声门裂 此后该处声带逐渐隆起形成明显小结。 声带小结可呈局灶性小突起,也可呈广基梭形增厚。 ×粘膜局限性水肿,增生,角化,间质纤维化而形成对称性针尖或 粟米大长期可致上皮增厚及其潜在间隙的透明样变性而形成结节 ×发炎及结缔组织增生 组织学分析 组织学讨论 History Treatment Definiton Cause Diagnose VN Prognosis Effection Location Appearance Typical symptoms Pathological changes NO.7 Voice fold nodules—— Typical symptoms ×Excessive throat clearing ×Glottic foreign body sensation —seems have excessive mucus or sth on the VFs ×Vocal fatigue —Voice seem to deteriorate(恶化) with continuous voicing ×Low vocal quality —Breathness —Lower pitch —Increased aperiodicity(非周期性) NO.7 Voice fold nodules—— Typical symptoms ×症状与慢性喉炎相似,早期主要是发声易倦和间歇性声嘶 声嘶在发高音时出现 如果继续发展,声嘶加重,呈持续性,在发较低声音时也可发生。 History Treatment Definiton Cause Diagnose VN Prognosis Effection Location Appearance Typical symptoms Pathological changes NO.8 Voice fold nodules——Effection × reduces or obstructs the ability of the vocal folds to create the rapid changes in air pressure which generate human speech × after surgical removal,have scar tissue(疤痕组织) on the vocal folds, which increases the likelihood that the nodules will recur复发. This may lead to a persistence 持续固执 of vocal nodules well into adulthood (Boone et al., 2010). × affect the child's quality of life in other ways as well —in the social-emotional aspects of children with vocal nodules History Treatment Definiton Cause Diagnose VN Prognosis Effection Location Appearance Typical symptoms Pathological changes NO.9 Voice fold nodules—— Prognosis(预后预知 ) Vocal cord nodules, although they can certainly impair one's speaking and singing ability, rarely harm one's general health. Indeed, the psychological trauma of being diagnosed with nodules—a trauma affecting those especially whose professional success depends on consistently producing a rich and powerful vocal tone (e.g. singers, actors, litigation lawyers, broadcasters) —typically dwarfs the limited systemic and even otolaryngological effects. History Treatment Definiton Cause Diagnose VN Prognosis Effection Location Appearance Typical symptoms Pathological changes NO.10 Voice fold nodules—— Diagnose 纤维喉镜 NO.10 Voice fold nodules—— Diagnose 1现代医学 喉镜检查声带前、中1/3的交点的游离缘,两侧对称性突起 早斯如红色柔软的息肉样变,并有水肿。 病程长者,呈苍白小突起,半透时,表面光滑,基底可见少数小 血管,发音时两侧小结相贴而妨碍声带闭合。 诊断病人常有用声不当或用声过度中,间歇性或持续性声嘶。 两侧声带均有同样对称性病变,状如粟米,色灰白,表面光滑, 基底部稍充血。 NO.10 Voice fold nodules—— Diagnose 2中医学 中医“声嘶”范畴。 本病多因说话失度,过久过劳,伤气动火,致气血瘀滞, 痰浊凝聚而成。 辨证依据:发音困难,声音嘶哑,咽喉不适,局部可见声带小结。 NO.10 Voice fold nodules—— Diagnose 3临床分析 发音困难,声音嘶哑,咽喉不适,时感喉部有粘痰,咳之不出, 查见小结多呈水肿状,质软,色微红而润, 咽喉粘膜可有轻度充血,舌苔薄腻,脉平或见滑数者为水湿凝聚型。 发音困难,声音嘶哑较甚,咽喉不适,查见小结色白质硬, 苔薄,脉平或沉迟者为血淤痰结型。 NO.10 Voice fold nodules—— Diagnose 4采用嗓音功能分析仪 ( Aero phone II Voice Function Analy zer ) 对30 例声带息肉、 28 例声带小结患者及30 例正常人进行发声空气动力学检测,对 平均气流率( mean air flow rat e) 、 口腔压( intr ao ral pr essure) 、 声门阻力( glottal r esistance) 、 声门效率( glottaleff iciency ) 进行分析、比较。 NO.10 Voice fold nodules—— Diagnose 分析结果 声带息肉患者的声门闭合程度、发声时的效率比 声带小结患者更差, 空气动力学检测可以对声带息 肉、声带小结患者的嗓音功能作出量化的、客观的评价。 History Treatment Definiton Cause Diagnose VN Prognosis Effection Location Appearance Typical symptoms Pathological changes 声带小结的中医治疗、保养、食疗 Vocal nodules Chinese medical treatment 董艳茹 声带小结的中医治疗 • 中药组方 1. 化痰散结法为主 方中元参、麦冬养阴清热;板蓝根、大青叶、金银花 、连翘清热解毒、利咽散结;夏枯草清热散结;桔 梗、胖大海、木蝴蝶止咳化痰,利咽开音;生山楂 破气散瘀;甘草调和诸药。诸药合用,共奏清热化 痰、化瘀散结之功. 1. 活血祛瘀法为主 当归、赤芍、生地、桃仁、红花、丹参活血化瘀;柴 胡、枳壳,行气理气;玄参、桔梗、甘草、川贝、 僵蚕、海浮石化痰散结,宣肺开音。 疏肝理气为主 方中用疏肝理气之柴胡、枳壳、郁金、香附,核桃仁、 红花、赤芍、丹参以活血化瘀,更有海藻、昆布以软坚 消痰,甘草、桔梗、丹皮,利咽消瘀 益气养阴为主 方中以黄芪补脾肺之气;麦冬、生地黄养肺肾之阴为君 ;黄芪兼利水消肿,有单味治疗声带水肿病例报道;麦 冬并有清心除烦之功;郁金行气解郁,与牡丹皮合而 凉血散瘀;浙贝母化有形之痰;蝉蜕秉轻清上扬之性, 虫类搜风之质, “ 能医疔肿疮毒, 大人失音……”,共 为臣药;桔梗引药入经;甘草益气健脾润肺,调和诸药 为使药。综观全方益气养阴为主,兼舒肝理气散瘀化痰 。 中成药 •金嗓散结丸治疗声带小结 金嗓散结丸组方中含有桃仁、红花、浙贝、麦冬、木蝴蝶 等药物达到活血化瘀、化痰散结的功效。 •甘桔冰梅片结合手术治疗声带小结 甘桔冰梅片处方依据著名中医古藉《证 治准绳·类方·卷二》中经典组方清音丸改良而成的新方。 由八味具有清热解毒、利咽、宣肺、止咳化痰等作用的中 药组成(桔梗、薄荷、乌梅、甘草、冰片等),具有清热解 毒、宣肺化痰、消肿散结功能。 针灸治疗 针灸治疗旨在通过穴位,疏通经络,宣畅气机,气通血 行,有助于消除气滞血瘀及痰湿凝聚等病理改变达 到扶正祛邪,恢复喉肌、声带正常功能之目的。人迎 水突两穴,均为足阳明胃经之穴。针刺此两穴,针感可 直接作用于咽喉腔,得气明显,疗效快,治愈率高;加 以灸法,其温通力强。两者结合可进一步改善局部血液 循环,减轻充血水肿,气畅血行,达到消除或缩小声带 小结之目的。 1、严格针具消毒,防止血源传播,防止感染。 2、施以针灸疗法前后应适当休息,以防晕针。 3、对体弱或初次接受针刺疗法治疗的病人,宜采用轻、中等刺激 手法。 4、过饥、过饱、过劳、大饮、大渴、大怒、大恐、大悲、醉酒的 患者,以及患有严重心、肝、肾功能损害和贫血、孕期、耳廓有 炎症和冻伤的患者,不宜使用针灸疗法。 5、患有血小板减少症、血友病等有出血倾向疾病的患者以及晕血 者,血管瘤患者,一般禁止用刺血法。 6、刺血时,应注意进针不宜过深,创口不宜过大,以免损伤其他 组织及割断血管。一般放血量为1ml~5ml 左右。如出血不易停止, 要采取压迫止血。 7、针刺处发红,尤其耳针处发红及耳廓胀痛,可能有轻度感染时, 应注意及时抗感染处理。 8、若出现晕针,应立即停止及撤除针灸,尽快将患者取头低足高 位平卧床上,可指压人中,同时给予饮热茶水或咖啡;晕针严重 者,可用毫针刺人中、合谷、足三里等穴,以醒脑开窍促使其苏 醒。 声带小结的保养 1、使用适当的音量说话。应避免大声吼叫或提高音量,在吵 杂的环境下,尽量使用麦克风。因为音量过大,容易造成声 带肌肉、颈部肌肉和共鸣腔弹性的减少,产生嗓音问题。有 一位非常优秀的男高音,由于一次在足球比赛中非常卖力地 为他的球队加油而喊坏了嗓子,永远失去再上舞台的机会了。 2、使用软起声说话。即每一句话的第一个字轻松、柔和地发 声,使气流与嗓音同时出来。通俗歌手可以大量用气声唱法, 那是明显的“气多于声”,为的是追求一种特殊的声音效果。 而我们科学的讲话应该声气平衡,要努力做到决不浪费丝毫 的气息。 3、使用适当的速度说话。每句中间须做短暂的停顿以便 吸气。说话太快中间吸气不足,吐气量无法维持一句话 的长度,勉强用肺部剩余的空气,易造成胸颈肌肉的紧 张,而产生嗓音问题。所以应该在讲话时做到从容不迫, 如深情朗诵般去说话。 4、使用适当的音调说话。尽量避免使用过高或过低的音 调说话,以减少发声时的阻力及声带的紧张。当然,并 不是要求讲课时总是用平淡的语气,要富有激情但不太 夸张。 5、注意嗓音的休息。在长时间说话后,应尽量禁声休息, 让因过度使用而充血的声带充分放松。而不少人在声音疲 惫的时候遇到同事,还大声跟他们讨论或交流的方法实不 可取。 6、多喝温开水,保持喉部的湿润,以降低声带靠合时的 摩擦力。调查显示,在上课时带着水杯的教师引发嗓音疾 病的比例远小于不带杯子的。 7、避免吃刺激性较强的食物,如烟、烈性酒、辣椒、浓 咖啡、浓茶等。它们对声带都有较强的刺激性,应尽量少 吃。 8、要有充足的睡眠,适当的运动,以保持肌肉的放良 好的声带弹性。 9、感冒时要尽量减少声带的使用:因感冒而产生嗓音 症状时,休息是最好的方法。所以当教师感冒时,上 课方式可以改为学生自学,讨论或作业课,学校领导 也应该对老师更多理解,或有相应的规定保护老师们 的嗓音健康。 10、注意说话时情绪的稳定。在情绪激动高昂的时候 ,如盛怒、悲伤时,情绪往往失去控制而出现肆意大 音量、高频而无节制的使用嗓音,这是最容易毁掉嗓 子的错误用声,所以应特别注意. 声带小结的食疗 下面是有益嗓音的食物以及预防嗓音疾病的简易饮食验 方,我们可以通过饮食方面对嗓音起到保健作用: 雪梨:主治干咳口渴,嘶声失音。验方:雪梨1~2个, 削皮去囫,加冰糖30克顿服。 白萝卜:主治嘶声咽干,咳嗽痰多,急性喉炎,支气管 炎。验方:白萝卜300克榨汁,加蜂蜜适量服用。 荠菜:主治小便不畅,咽痛嘶声。验方:荠菜250克, 瘦肉100克,加水煮半个小时,加入一个咸鸭蛋,煮熟 服用。 橄榄:主治肺热咽痛,痰热咳嗽。验方:生橄榄嚼烂缓 慢咽下,每日数个。 杨桃:主治咽痛口干,小便不利。验方:每日生吃 杨桃两三个。 西瓜:主治口干烦躁,口疮喉痹。验方:西瓜皮60 克,水煎服。 柠檬:主治咽痛口干,不思饮食。验方:柠檬1个 荸荠10个水煎服。 无花果:主治肺热声嘶,干咳咽痛。验方:无花果 150克,水煎加冰糖适量服用。 小结: 护理保健措施 要有正确的发声指导, 在治疗过程中, 必须强 调低语讲话, 尽量让声带得到充分休息; 尤其 当发声开始恢复时, 千万注意勿高声谈笑; 更要注意预防伤风感冒; 忌吃油炸食物. 说明只要患者密切配合, 坚持 治疗, 注重护理与自我保健, 慢性喉炎、声带小结是 可以保守治愈的. Thank you