Part I Investigator Insights Emerging Multikinase Inhibitors in Thyroid Carcinoma Dr. Marcia Brose Abramson Cancer Center University of Pennsylvania MSB 09/21/09 Thyroid Cancer: Clinical Pathology Papillary Follicular cells Differentiated Follicular Hurtle Cell Anaplastic Parafollicular cells Medullary Sporadic Familial American Cancer Society. www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_1X_What_is_thyroid_cancer_43.asp. Carling T and Uldesman R. Cancer of the Endocrine System.: Section 2: Thyroid Cancer. Principles of Clinical Oncology. 7th edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2005. MSB 05/30/09 Global Incidence of Thyroid Cancer was > 212,000 in 20081 Estimated Thyroid Cancer Incidence in 2008 Annual Incidence 40000 35000 ~37,000 ~33,000 30000 • DTC represents > 90% of all thyroid carcinomas2 25000 20000 ~18,000 15000 10000 ~6,000 5000 0 US EU • Thyroid cancer is the most common form of endocrine malignancy1 LA/C Japan • The prognosis of patients with DTC is generally good due to tumor biology and efficacy of the initial surgery and 131I therapy3 LA/C = Latin America and Caribbean. 1. GLOBOCAN 2008, International Agency for Research on Cancer. http://globocan.iarc.fr/. 2. Sherman. Lancet. 2003;361:501-511. 3. Eustatia-Rutten et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:313-319. Dimensions of the problem • Increasing in incidence – 95% sporadic or RT-induced, 5% familial • 3.5 to 4:1 female to male gender distribution • > 95% of carcinomas arise from thyroid follicular cells and are well-differentiated • Surgery +/- I-131 remains the standard of care – Vast majority treated in this manner are cured • Emergence of Multiple TKIs in Iodine-Refractory TC and MTC that can affect response and likely prolong PFS and OS Thyroid Cancer in the United States New Diagnosis Pfister, D. Treatment of Radioactive Thyroid Cancer. Presentation. ASCO, 2007. Cancer Deaths Thyroid cancer in the United States 0-1.0cm 1.1-2.0cm 2.1-5.0cm Davies, JAMA 2006 295:2164 >5.0cm DTC: Initial Disease Stage Predicts OVERALL SURVIVAL Stage I 100% 75% Stage II of all tumors 80% Survival 60% Stage III 25% 40% of all tumors 20% Stage IV 0% p<0.001 0 2 4 Jonklaas J et al. Thyroid. 2006, 16(12): 1229-1242. 6 Years 8 10 12 14 MSB 05/30/09 Thyroid Cancer: Treatment Strategy • High Risk: (Age >45, male, metastasis, extrathyroidal extension, >4cm) – Total Thyroidectomy – RAI (131I) Ablation – TSH Suppression Therapy with Thyroid Hormone – Follow Serial Thyroglobulin Levels (Tg) – XRT for recurrent local disease/positive margins – Surveillance: NeckUS, Tg, Neck MRI, Chest CT, RAI Whole body scan, FDG-PET MSB 05/30/09 TSH Suppression Improves Survival for DTC Patients With Metastases 100 Survival, % 80 60 n = 450 40 Median TSH suppressed TSH unsuppressed 20 All > 45 yr 15 yr 11 yr 10 yr 6 yr p < 0.01 p < 0.005 0 0 2 4 Jonklaas et al. Thyroid. 2006;16:1299-1242. 6 8 10 Years 12 14 16 18 Survival and Response to Treatment 1.0 1 0.9 0.8 127 patients 4 cancer related deaths Survival (%) 0.7 0.6 0.5 168 patients 0.4 0.3 2 • Group 1: initial 131I uptake and CR – Age < 40 years – Well-differentiated cancer – Small size of metastases • Group 2: initial 131I uptake and persistent disease • Group 3: no initial 131I uptake 0.2 0.1 3 149 patients 0.0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Years after the discovery of metastases Durante et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:2892-2899. RAI-refractory disease • 25–50% of metastatic thyroid cancers lose ability to take up iodine • RAI refractory means that there are progressing lesions that do not take up RAI (Note: there may still be some that do) • Loss of iodine uptake inversely correlates with survival Cooper DS, et al. Thyroid. 2009;9:1176-214. Hodak SP, Carty SE. Oncology. 2009;23:775-6. Mehra R, Cohen RB. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2008;22:1279-95,xi. RAI-Refractory Thyroid Cancer • L-T4 treatment: serum TSH < 0.1 mU/L • Local treatments when needed: surgery, radiation, radiofrequency or cryoablation • Imaging follow-up every 6 months • Stable disease: follow-up Cooper et al. Thyroid. 2009;9:1167-1214. • Progression: – > 20% (RECIST) in 6-15 months – Inclusion in a trial • Chemotherapy: low efficacy, significant toxicity (eg, doxorubicin: 5% PR, 47% SD, median PFS 7 months) • Targeted therapy as first line (ATA, 2009) NCCN and ATA guidelines for the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) Initial treatment • Total thyroidectomy, except in patients with unifocal microcarcinoma (individualized to patient and extent of disease)1,2 Postoperative treatment • Radioactive iodine (131I) (RAI) therapy1,2 Follow-up treatment • Levothyroxine to suppress TSH levels to < 0.1mU/L1,2 Recurrent or metastatic disease treatment • Local therapy (re-operation, external radiation) • Systemic therapy – RAI therapy – patients with refractory advanced disease • chemotherapy (limited efficacy and considerable toxicity)1,2 • participation in clinical trials with small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors is recommended1,2 NCCN = National Comprehensive Cancer Network. ATA = American Thyroid Association . 1. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Thyroid Carcinoma V.1.2010. 2. Cooper DS, et al. Thyroid .2009;9:1167-214. Thyroid Cancer is associated with aberrant cell signaling MAP Kinase Genetic Alteration PTC FTC BRAF V600E 44% 0% BRAF copy gain 3% 35% RET/PTC (1 and 3) 20% 0% 8-10% 17-45% PI3KCA mutations 3% 6% PI3KCA copy gain 12% 28% PTEN 2% 7% Pax8/PPARγ 0% 35% >70% >65% PI3K/AKT RAS Total Nikiforov, Mod Path, 2008, Xing Endocrine Rel Ca(2005), Wang et al, 2007 RAS/BRAF Mutations are More Prevalent in RAI Refractory Thyroid Cancer Ricarte-Filho JC, Cancer Research 2009 Jun 1;69(11):4885-93 MSB 09/21/09 Cell signalling in differentiated thyroid cancer Tumor Cell RET/PTC Endothelial Cell EGFR VEGFR-2 Ras B-Raf MEK ERK Ras PI3K Raf PI3K MEK AKT ERK mTOR AKT mTOR S6K • Growth • HIF1a • Survival • Inhibition of apoptosis • Proliferation • Migration S6K • Growth • Survival • Proliferation • Migration • Angiogenesis Graphic adapted from Keefe SM, et al. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16:778-83. Who is appropriate for kinase inhibitor therapy? 1. Patients whose tumors no longer take up radioactive iodine or who have exceeded their lifetime dose 2. Patients with disease measurable by exam or CT scan 3. Patients with >1 lesion which is >1 cm in size and who are symptomatic 4. Patients with progressive disease MSB 09/21/09 Part II Investigator Insights Emerging Multikinase Inhibitors in Thyroid Carcinoma Dr. Marcia Brose Abramson Cancer Center University of Pennsylvania MSB 09/21/09 Kinase Inhibitors ATP KI ATP Y P KI Y Activated pathway Activated Pathway Cancer Cancer RET, BRAF….. inhibition VEGFR inhibition Tumor Tumor growth angiogenesis Targeting cell signalling in thyroid cancer Tumor Cell RET/PTC Motesanib Sorafenib Sunitinib Vandetanib XL-184 Endothelial Cell EGFR VEGFR-2 Vandetanib Ras B-Raf Sorafenib MEK ERK Ras PI3K AKT mTOR S6K Sorafenib Everolimus Sirolimus • Growth • HIF1a • Survival • Inhibition of apoptosis • Proliferation • Migration Raf PI3K MEK AKT ERK mTOR Axitinib Motesanib Sorafenib Sunitinib Vandetanib Everolimus Sirolimus S6K • Growth • Survival • Proliferation • Migration • Angiogenesis Graphic adapted from Keefe SM, et al. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16:778-83. Thyroid Cancer is associated with aberrant cell signaling MAP Kinase Genetic Alteration PTC FTC BRAF V600E 44% 0% BRAF copy gain 3% 35% RET/PTC (1 and 3) 20% 0% 8-10% 17-45% PI3KCA mutations 3% 6% PI3KCA copy gain 12% 28% PTEN 2% 7% Pax8/PPARγ 0% 35% >70% >65% PI3K/AKT RAS Total Nikiforov, Mod Path, 2008, Xing Endocrine Rel Ca(2005), Wang et al, 2007 UPCC 03305: Sorafenib in Advanced Thyroid Cancer Eligibility criteria • Metastatic, iodine refractory thyroid cancer • Life expectancy >3 months Primary endpoints n=55 • Evidence of PD within 6 months of study entry Sorafenib 400mg b.i.d. • RECIST • PFS • Response rate • ECOG 0–2 • Good organ and bone marrow function b.i.d. = twice daily; RECIST = Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors; ULN = upper limit of normal Gupta-Abramson V, et al. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:4714–9 Update UPCC O3305: May 2009 Results: • Response for all 50 evaluable patients – PR 36% (18 patients) – SD 46% (23 patients) – clinical benefit 82% (41 patients) • Exact binomial confidence interval excludes the null hypothesis (p<0.0001) • PFS is 63 weeks for all patients, and 84 weeks in patients with DTC Brose M, et al. J Clin Oncol 2009;27(May 20 Suppl.):301s (Abstract 6002) UPCC 03305: Best Response in 46 Evaluable Patients Change in sum of target lesion by RECIST compared to baseline (%) Best response of advanced thyroid cancer patients to sorafenib PD 30 20 10 0 –10 –20 –30 –40 –50 –60 –70 –80 –90 –10 SD PR Papillary Follicular/Hürthle Cell Medullary Poorly Differentiated/Anaplastic Brose M, et al. J Clin Oncol 2009;27(May 20 Suppl.):301s (Abstract 6002) Cutaneous Adverse Events with Sorafenib in Thyroid Carcinoma Patients 1. Cutaneous toxicity peaks in the second cycle 2. Brief dose holidays and dose reductions are reasonable. Rash usually improves with continued sorafenib treatment 3. Rash is more common in patients with extensive sun exposure in the past 4. Skin creams may be used as well as NSAIDs for control of the pain from the MSB rash 09/21/09 Phase III Study of Sorafenib in Locally Advanced or Metastatic Patients with Radioactive Iodine Refractory Thyroid Cancer (DECISION) trial – Primary Endpoint POSITIVE Eligibility criteria • Locally advanced or metastatic DTC • Progression within 14 months • RAI refractory • No prior targeted therapy, chemotherapy or thalidomide Primary Endpoint: PFS (RECIST) Independent review Randomisation (1:1) (n=380) • An International, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase III study of sorafenib versus placebo in locally advanced/metastatic RAIrefractory DTC Sorafenib 400mg orally b.i.d. n=190 Placebo n=190 Secondary Endpoints: OS, TTP, RR, DCR, PRO, PK Safety Exploratory Biomarkers Progression Investigator’s decision Crossover or continue sorafenib 400mg orally b.i.d. Off study Disease progression www.clinicaltrials.gov. NCT00984282 Phase III DECISION Trial • Over 400 patients enrolled in the trial world wide • January 3, 2013 press release revealed that the primary endpoint of Progression Free Survival significantly favored the Sorafenib arm • The final results of the study to be presented at a major meeting in 2013 MSB 09/21/09 Therapeutic Options beyond frontline TKI therapy 1. Single progressive lesions can be resected or irradiated and the frontline TKI continued 2. Minimally progressive lesions can often be observed on the original TKI as this disease frequently progresses very slowly 3. For patients progressing on a frontline TKI, an m-TOR inhibitor can be added to block the PI3K escape pathway 4. For disease progressing in multiple areas one might switch to another available TKI or a clinical trial with an investigational agent MSB 09/21/09 Part III MSB 09/21/09 Investigator Insights Emerging Multikinase Inhibitors in Thyroid Carcinoma Dr. Marcia Brose Abramson Cancer Center University of Pennsylvania MSB 09/21/09 Advanced Thyroid Cancer’s New Unmet Need: Progression on Sorafenib/VEGFR2 inhibitor • What to do with patients who progress but maintain good performance status • Most patients respond to frontline TKI therapy but then progress in a new lesion or a subset of lesions Targets of Kinase Inhibitors Compound Name VEGFR BRAF PDGFR KIT RET Other Sorafenib (Nexavar) + + + + + FLT-3 Sunitinib (Sutent) + + + Axitinib (AG-013736) + + + Motesanib (AMG706) + + + Pazopanib (GW786034) + + + Vandetanib (Zactima) + + EGFR Cabozotanib (XL184) + + C-MET Lenvatinib (E7080) + + FGFR + + FLT-3 + Targeted Agents: Phase II Clinical Data Drug Key Baseline Characteristics n Sorafenib (Brose) •DTC+ PDTC(90%), 47 Sunitinib (Cohen) • DTC (74%); MTC (26%) Axitinib (Cohen) PFS PR SD PD 20 38% 47% 2% 51 - 17% DTC 74% DTC 9% DTC •Papillary (50%); Medullary (18%); Follicular/Hurthle (25%/18%); Anaplastic (3%) 60 18.1 30% 48% 7% Motesanib (Sherman) •Papillary (61%); Follicular/Hurthle (34%) 93 10 14% 67% 8% Pazopanib (Bible) PD and DTC (Progression <6months) 37 12 49% - - Lenvatinib (E7080, Sherman) •DTC 100% 58 13.3 45% 46% 5% Months MSB 05/30/09 Targeting cell signalling in thyroid cancer Tumor Cell RET/PTC Motesanib Sorafenib Sunitinib Vandetanib XL-184 Endothelial Cell EGFR VEGFR-2 Vandetanib Ras B-Raf Sorafenib MEK ERK Ras PI3K AKT mTOR S6K Sorafenib Everolimus Sirolimus • Growth • HIF1a • Survival • Inhibition of apoptosis • Proliferation • Migration Raf PI3K MEK AKT ERK mTOR Axitinib Motesanib Sorafenib Sunitinib Vandetanib Everolimus Sirolimus S6K • Growth • Survival • Proliferation • Migration • Angiogenesis Graphic adapted from Keefe SM, et al. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16:778-83. UPCC 19309: Everolimus + Sorafenib for DTC patients who progress on Sorafenib alone Eligibility criteria • Metastatic, iodine refractory thyroid cancer • Life expectancy >3 months n=35 • PD on sorafenib Sorafenib + Everolimus Intra-patient Dose escalation. Primary endpoints • RECIST • PFS • Response rate • ECOG 0–2 • Good organ and bone marrow function b.i.d. = twice daily; RECIST = Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors; ULN = upper limit of normal 22 patients accrued so far Primary Endpoint: Best Overall response Rate (BORR) (RECIST 1.1) (Partial and complete RR) in sorafenib naïve pts Independent review BRAF V600E testing Eligibility criteria: • Locally advanced or metastatic DTC • Progression within 14 months • RAI refractory Informed Consent UPCC 18310: NO25530: An Open-Label, Multi-Center Phase II Study of the BRAF Inhibitor Vemurafenib in Patients with Metastatic or Unresectable Papillary Thyroid Cancer (PTC) positive for the BRAF V600 Mutation and Resistant to Radioactive Iodine + + First Line Sorafenib Naïve (n=25) Second Line Prior Sorafenib (n=25) Secondary Endpoints: •PFS, TTP, OS, TTP, in sorafenib naïve pts •BORR, CB, TTP, PFS and OS, in soraefnib exposed patients Vemurafenib 960mg BID Clinical Trials Ongoing for Metastatic Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Compound Name DTC/MTC Status Sorafenib (Nexavar) DTC First Line – International Phase III – Positive Study, Awaiting Data Presentation Lenvatinib (E7080) DTC First and Second Line – Phase III Vemurafenib (BRAF V600E inhibitor) DTC (PTC) First and Second Line Phase II – (Phase III?) Everolimus+Sorafenib DTC Second Line – Phase II Cabozantinib DTC First Line – Phase I complete First Line and Second Line Phase II– Pending Pioglitazone (PPARγ) DTC (FTC*) First and Second Line - Phase II Pazopanib (GW786034) DTC First and Second line – Phase II Done Sunitinib (Sutent) DTC First line Phase II – Done. MSB 10/16/10 Take Home Messages-I • Multiple VEGFR agents in DTC have activity that affect the vast majority of patients with advanced RAI-refractory thyroid cancer needing therapy • Results of phase III trial with sorafenib (DECISION) showing that patients treated with sorafenib have a longer progression free survival than those on placebo. We look forward to a future major oncology meeting for these results. Results from the Phase III trial of lenvatinib (SELECT ) are likely to follow in another year. • Molecular markers (eg. BRAF V600E mutation) are newer targets being tested in Phase II clinical trials. If positive, patients will need routine molecular testing for these mutations • Many studies for second line treatment of DTC are underway and now a primary focus of our research program at the Abramson Cancer Center and at other sites. These trials target new molecular mechanisms and hope to add to the success of the VEGFR inhibitors in this disease. Take Home Messages-II 1. Patients with progressive RAI-refractory TC should be referred to an oncologist with access to all the available and investigational kinase inhibitors. 2. Treatment with a kinase inhibitor should be initiated in patients with progressive, measurable disease. 3. The physician managing these patients should be comfortable with and skilled in managing the adverse events related to kinase inhibitors. 4. Many clinical trials are now available for patients progressing on frontline kinase inhibitor therapy. MSB 09/21/09 References 1. Giuffrida D, Prestifilippo A, et al; Journal of Oncology Volume 2012, Article ID-391629, “New Treatment in Advanced Thyroid Cancer” 2. Brose M, Nutting C, et al; BMC Cancer 2011, 11:349 “Rationale and design of DECISION: a double blind, randomized, placebo controlled phase III trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of sorafenib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic, RAIrefractory, differentiated thyroid cancer” 3. Harris P, Bible K; Expert Opinion Investigational Drugs; October 2011 20(10): 1357-1375; “Emerging Therapeutics for Advanced Thyroid Malignancies: Rationale and Targeted Approaches” 4. Gupta-Abramson V, Troxel A, et al; JCO 2008 Vol. 26: 4714 “Phase II Trial of Sorafenib in Advanced Thyroid Cancer” 5. Kojic K, Kojic S & Wiseman S; Expert Reviews in Anticancer Therapy 2012 Vol.12(3):345; “Differentiated thyroid cancers: a comprehensive review of novel targeted therapies MSB 09/21/09