BasalAngios
advertisement
““Basal” “Dicots”” Amborellales Nymphaeales Austrobaileyales Modern angiosperm relationships Basal Lineages 1 2 3 4 Monocots Eudicots First branch - Amborella • One speices, Amborella trichopoda • Endemic to New Caledonia • Functionally dioecious • Fruit an aggregate of drupes • Wood lacks vessels Second branch - Nymphaeales • 70(4) species mostly in Nymphaea • Includes ornamental water lily • Widespread distribution • Aquatic, rhizomatous herbs Nymphaea odorata Nymphaeales • Flowers bisexual, radial, with a long pedicel • Petals usually 8 to numerous • Stamens 3 to numerous • Seeds usually operculate (opening by a cap) • Hairs simple usually producing mucilage (slime) Austrobaileyales (~100 species) Illiciaceae • 37 species all in Illicium • Trees or shrubs • Source of star anise Austrobaileyales (~100 species) Illiciaceae • Inflorescences only 1-3 flowers • Flowers with tepals • Filaments poorly differentiated from the anthers • Carples 7 to numerous • Fruit a starlike aggregate of 1-seeded follicles Magnoliids Modern angiosperm relationships Basal Lineages 1 2 3 4 Monocots Eudicots Phylogeny magnoliids Eudicots “Basal lineages” Magnoliids • Flower parts often in 3’s or many • One pollen aperture • Two cotyledons • Oil cells with ethereal oils • Flowers born spirally on an elongate axis Oil cells with ethereal oils (ether-containing) Flowers born spirally on an elongate axis • Magnoliaceae - spiral • Ranunculaceae - whorl Magnoliid Complex • ~ 20 families • Woody magnoliids - large robust, bisexual flowers, many free parts, spirally on an elongate axis • Paleoherbs - few flower parts, herbs, often unisexual, fused carpels Fossil - Archaeanthus • • • • 3 outer and 6-9 inner perianth 100 - 130 carpel numerous stamens, Kansas, mid-Cretaceous Major groups • Magnoliales – Trees or shrubs, large showy flowers – 6 families • Laurales – Trees or shrubs, smaller bisexual or unisexual flowers – 7 families • Canellales – Trees or shrubs, flowers 5-merous to many – 2 families • Piperales – Herbs or small shrubs, reduced often 3-merous flowers – 5 families Laurales Magnoliales Piperales Canellales Qiu et al 2000 Magnoliales • Magnoliaceae Magnoliaceae • • • • 2 genera and 220 species Tropical and temperate Trees or shrubs Cultivation - tulip tree and many Magnolia Magnoliaceae • Synapomorphy: Stipules present, fruit an aggregate of follicles • Leaves usually alternate, entire with stipules • Flowers bisexual, radial, solitary, distinct – 9-15 tepals in whorls of 3 – Numerous stamens, on elongate receptacle – Carpels usually numerous, on elongate receptacle • Fruit an aggregate of follicles • Two genera: Magnolia and Liriodendron Magnolia Liriodendron tulipifera Laurales • Lauraceae • Calycanthaceae Laurales Magnoliales Piperales Canellales Qiu et al 2000 Lauraceae • • • • 50 genera and 2500 species Widespread in tropics and subtropics Trees or shrubs, or twining parasitic vine Source of many spices: – bay leaves, cinnamon, camphor, sassafras – And fruits: avocado Lauraceae • Synapomorphy: Fruit a drupe, endosperm lacking • Leaves usually alternate and spiral, entire, without stipules – Leaves usually very aromatic (ethereal oils) • Flowers bisexual or unisexual, radial – – – – 6 tepals, in 2 whorls usually free, small green, yellow or white +/- 12 stamens in whorls of 3, sometimes staminodia 1 carpel, with single ovule Short hypanthium • Fruit usually a drupe with large embryo, endosperm lacking Sassafras Lauraceae Cinnamomum Laurus nobilis Lauraceae embryo hypanthium NOT Lauraceae Lauraceae A parasitic Hawaiian native Cassytha filiformis Calycanthaceae • • • • • Deciduous shrubs Leaves opposite without stipules Flowers bisexual with hypanthium 15-30 tepals, spiral Grown ornamentally Calycanthus occidentalis Laurales Magnoliales Piperales Canellales Qiu et al 2000 Piperales • Aristolochiaceae • Piperaceae Aristolochiaceae • • • • 7 genera and 460 species Widespread in Tropical and temperate regions Herbs or lianas Wild ginger and Dutchman’s pipe cultivated ornamentals Aristolochiaceae • Synapomorphy: aristolochic acids (bitter, yellow, nitrogenous compounds) • Leaves alternate and spiral, sometimes lobed, palmate venation • Flowers bisexual – – – – – 3 sepals connate Petals often lacking 6-12 stamens, adnate (fusion of different parts) to style 4-6 carpels Flowers often trap insects • Fruit a capsule Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia Asarum Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia Aristolochiaceae Fly pollination - stigma and flower withers and flies can leave Aristolochia Piperaceae • • • • 6 genera and 2020 species Widely distributed in tropics and subtropics Herbs to small trees, or epiphytic Black, white pepper and betel nut source Piperaceae • Synapomorphy: vascular bundles of more than 1 ring, Inflorescences densely covered in minute flowers • Leaves usually alternate and spiral, entire • Flowers bisexual or unisexual – No parianth – 1-10 stamens – 1-4 carpels • Fruit a drupe Piperaceae Piperaceae Modern angiosperm relationships Basal Lineages Monocots Eudicots Characters differing between monocots and eudicots Monocots Single cotyledon Radicle aborting early in growth with root system adventitious Scattered vascular bundles usually lacking secondary growth Leaves with parallel venation Flowers 3-merous Pollen grains usually monosulcate Eudicots Two cotyledons Radicle does not abort Vascular bundles in a ring, often with secondary growth Leaves with net veination: pinnate to palmate pattern Flowers 4 or 5-merous Pollen grains usually tricolpate or modified Monocot Eudicot Monocot Eudicot Zea Ranunculus Leaf venation Flower parts Pollen aperatures Poaceae (grass) - monoporate Quercus (oak) - tricolpate Modern angiosperm relationships Basal Lineages Monocots Eudicots
