Chapter 1: pp. 1 - 24
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10th Edition
Sylvia S. Mader
A View of Life
BIOLOGY
1
Outline


Defining Life - Emergent Properties

Materials and Energy

Reproduction and Development

Adaptations and Natural Selection
Classification

Organization and Diversity

Natural Selection
2
Outline


Biosphere Organization

Human Population

Biodiversity
The Scientific Method

Observation

Hypothesis

Data

Conclusion

Scientific Theory
3
Defining Life

Living things:

Comprised of the same chemical elements
e.g. Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

Obey the same physical and chemical laws

Living organisms consist of cells (Unicellular or
Multi-cellular).
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of
all living things e.g. plants, animals, and fungus
 Cells are produced from preexisting cells
 Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital
physiological functions

4
Defining Life
Living organisms can be Microscopic:
Bacteria
Paramecium
Living organisms can be Macroscopic (Multi-cellular):
Snow goose
Humans
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Bacteria
Paramecium
Morel
Sunflower
Snow goose
(Bacteria): © Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Phototake; (Paramecium): © M. Abbey/Visuals Unlimited; (Morel): © Royalty-Free Corbis;
(Sunflower): © Photodisc Green/Getty Images; (Snow goose): © Charles Bush Photography
5
Defining Life

Each level of organization has Emergent Properties

Levels range from extreme micro (e.g. Atoms, Molecules
and Cells) to global (e.g. Community, Ecosystem and
Biosphere)

Each level of organization is more complex than the level
preceding it

Emergent properties:

Interactions between the parts making up the whole

All emergent properties follow the laws of physics and chemistry
6
Levels of Biological Organization
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Biosphere
Regions of the Earth’s crust,
waters, and atmosphere
inhabited by living things
Ecosystem
A community plus
the physical environment
Community
Interacting populations in a
particular area
Population
Organisms of the same
species in a particular area
Organism
An individual; complex
individuals contain organ systems
Organ System
Composed of several organs
working together
Organ
Composed of tissues functioning
together for a specific task
Tissue
A group of cells with a common
structure and function
Cell
The structural and functional
unit of all living things
Molecule
Union of two or more atoms of
the same or different elements
Atom
Smallest unit of an element composed of
electrons, protons, and neutrons
7
Living Things: Acquire & Process Food

Energy – required to maintaining organization and
conducting life-sustaining processes


The sun:

Ultimate source of energy for nearly all life on Earth

Certain organisms, such as plants, capture solar energy to
carry on photosynthesis

Photosynthesis transforms solar energy into chemical energy (Organic
Molecules)

Chemical energy is used by other organisms e.g. animals
Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell or in
an organism.

Homeostasis - Maintenance of internal conditions within certain
boundaries
8
Acquiring Nutrients
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food
a.
d.
e.
b.
c.
a: © Niebrugge Images; b: © Photodisc Blue/Getty Images; c: © Charles Bush Photography;
d: © Michael Abby/Visuals Unlimited; e: © Pat Pendarvis; f: National Park Service Photo
f.
9
Living Things: Respond to Stimuli

Living things interact with the environment and respond to
changes in the environment

Response ensures survival of the organism and it often
results movement


Vulture can detect and find carcass a mile away and soar
toward dinner

Monarch butterfly senses approach of fall and migrates south

Microroganisms can sense light or chemicals

Even leaves of plants follow sun
Activities as a result of Responses are termed behavior
10
Living Things: Reproduce and Develop

Organisms live and die

All living organisms must reproduce to ensure continued
existence and maintain population

In most multicellular organisms reproduction:

Begins with union of sperm and egg (fertilization)

Followed by cell division and differentiation

Developmental instructions encoded in genes

Composed of DNA

Long spiral molecule in chromosomes
11
Rockhopper Penguins & Offspring
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
© Francisco Erize/Bruce Coleman, Inc.
12
Living Things: Adapt to Change

Adaptation

Any modification that makes an organism more suited
to its way of life

Organisms become modified over long period time


Respond to environmental changes by developing new
adaptations
However, organisms very similar at basic level

Suggests living things descended from same ancestor

Descent with modification - Evolution

Caused by natural selection
13
Evolution, the Unifying Concept
of Biology


Despite diversity, organisms share the same
basic characteristics

Composed of cells organized in a similar manner

Their genes are composed of DNA

Carry out the same metabolic reactions to acquire
energy
This suggests that they are descended from a
common ancestor
14
Classification

Taxonomy:

Discipline of identifying and classifying organisms
according to certain rules

Hierarchical levels (taxa) based on hypothesized
evolutionary relationships

Levels are, from least inclusive to most inclusive:

Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and
domain

A level (e.g. phylum) includes more species than the level
below it (e.g. class), and fewer species than the one above it
(e.g. kingdom)
15
Levels of Classification
16
Domains

Bacteria



Microscopic unicellular prokaryotes
Archaea

Bacteria-like unicellular prokaryotes

Extreme aquatic environments
Eukarya

Eukaryotes – Familiar organisms
17
Domains
18
Evolutionary Tree of Life
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
BACTERIA
common
ancestor
(first cells)
ARCHAEA
Protists
Photosynthetic
protist
Plants
cell with nucleus
EUKARYA
Fungi
Heterotrophic
Protist
Animals
common ancestor
Past
Present
Time
19
Domains: The Archaea
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Prokaryotic cells
of various shapes
• Adaptations to
extreme environments
• Absorb or
chemosynthesize food
• Unique chemical
characteristics
Methanosarcina mazei, an archaeon
1.6
m
© Ralph Robinson/Visuals Unlimited
20
Domains: The Bacteria
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Prokaryotic cells
of various shapes
• Adaptations to
all environments
• Absorb, photosynthesize,
or chemosynthesize food
• Unique chemical
characteristics
Escherichia coli, a bacterium
1.5
m
© A.B. Dowsett/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.
21
Kingdoms

Archaea – Kingdoms still being worked out

Bacteria - Kingdoms still being worked out

Eukarya

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Animalia
22
Domains: The Eukaryote Kingdoms
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Protists
KINGDOM: Plants
1
m
• Algae, protozoans,
slime molds, and
water molds
• Complex single cell
(sometimes filaments,
colonies, or even
multicellular)
• Absorb, photosynthesize,
or ingest food
• Certain algae, mosses, ferns,
conifers, and flowering plants
• Multicellular, usually with
specialized tissues,
containing complex cells
• Photosynthesize food
r
Paramecium, a unicellular protozoan
KINGDOM: Animals
KINGDOM: Fungi
• Sponges, worms, insects,
fishes, frogs, turtles,
birds, and mammals
• Multicellular with
specialized tissues
containing complex cells
• Ingest food
• Molds, mushrooms, yeasts,
and ringworms
• Mostly multicellular filaments with
specialized, complex cells
• Absorb food1
Coprinus, a shaggy mane mushroom
Vulpes, a red fox
(Protist): © Michael Abby/Visuals Unlimited; (Plant): © Pat Pendarvis; (Fungi): © Rob Planck/Tom
Stack; (Animal): © Royalty-Free/Corbis
23
Scientific Names

Binomial nomenclature (two-word names)used to assign each organism with two part name
e.g. Homo Sapience

Universal

Latin-based

First word represents genus of organism e.g. Homo

Second word is specific epithet of a species within
the genus e.g. Sapience

Always italicized as a Genus species (Homo sapiens)

Genus may be abbreviated e.g. Escherichia Coli as E.
Coli
24
Natural Selection
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Some plants within a population exhibit variation in leaf structure.
Deer prefer a diet of smooth leaves over hairy leaves. Plants with
hairy leaves reproduce more than other plants in the population.
Generations later, most plants within the population have hairy
leaves, as smooth leaves are selected against.
25
Organization of the Biosphere

Population - Members of a species within
an area

Community - A local collection of
interacting populations

Ecosystem – A community plus its
physical environment

How chemicals are cycled and re-used by
organisms

How energy flows, from photosynthetic plants to top
predators
26
Terrestrial Ecosystems: A Grassland
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heat
solar
energy
heat
heat
heat
heat
heat
WASTE MATERIAL, DEATH,
AND DECOMPOSITION
Chemical cycling
Energy flow
27
Marine Ecosystems: Coral Reef
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
a. Healthy coral reef
1975 Minimal coral death
b.
1985 Some coral death with
no fish present
1995 Coral bleaching with limited
chance of recovery
2004 Coral is black from sedimentation;
bleaching still evident
a: © Frank & Joyce Burek/Getty Images; b (All): © Dr. Phillip Dustan
28
Human Populations

Humans modify ecosystems


Humans negative impact on ecosystems:

Destroy forest or grassland for agriculture, housing,
industry, etc.

Produce waste and contaminate air, water, etc.
However, humans depend upon healthy
ecosystems for

Food

Medicines

Raw materials

Other ecosystem processes
29
Biodiversity


Biodiversity is the zone of air, land, and water
where organisms exist

Abundance of species estimated about 15 million.

The variability of their genes, and

The ecosystems in which they live
Extinction is:

The death of the last member of a species

Estimates of 400 species/day lost worldwide
30
The Scientific Method

Scientific method is a standard series of steps in
gaining new knowledge through research.


Begins with observation

Scientists use their five senses e.g. use visual sense to
observe animal behavior

Instruments can extend the range of senses e.g. use
microscope to see microorganisms

Take advantage of prior studies
Hypothesis

A tentative explanation for what was observed

Developed through inductively reasoning from specific to
general
31
The Scientific Method: A Flow Diagram
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Observation
New observations
are made, and previous
data are studied.
Hypothesis
Input from various
sources is used to formulate
a testable statement.
Experiment/Observations
Conclusion
The hypothesis is
tested by experiment
or further observations.
The results are analyzed,
and the hypothesis is
supported or rejected.
Scientific Theory
Many experiments and
observations support a
theory.
Courtesy Leica Microsystems Inc.
32
The Scientific Method: Experimentation

Experimentation

Purpose is to challenge the hypothesis

Designed through deductively reasoning from
general to specific

Often divides subjects into a control group
and an experimental group

Predicts how groups should differ if
hypothesis is valid

If prediction happens, hypothesis is unchallenged

If not, hypothesis is unsupportable
33
The Scientific Method

The results are analyzed and interpreted

Conclusions are what the scientist thinks
caused the results

Findings must be reported in scientific journals

Peers review the findings and the conclusions

Other scientists then attempt to duplicate or
dismiss the published findings
34
The Scientific Method: Results

Results or Data

Observable, objective results from an
experiment

Strength of the data expressed in probabilities

The probability that random variation could
have caused the results

Low probability (less than 5%) is good

Higher probabilities make it difficult to dismiss
random chance as the sole cause of the results
35
Scientific Theory


Scientific Theory:

Joins together two or more related hypotheses

Supported by broad range of observations,
experiments, and data
Scientific Principle / Law:

Widely accepted set of theories

No serious challenges to validity
36
Controlled Experiments


Experimental (Independent) variable

Applied one way to experimental group

Applied a different way to control group
Response (dependent) variable

Variable that is measured to generate data

Expected to yield different results in control
versus experimental group
37
Controlled Experiments


Observations:

Nitrate fertilizers boost grain crops, but may damage
soils by altering its properties

When grain crops are rotated with pigeon pea it adds
natural nitrogen
Hypothesis:

Pigeon pea rotation will boost crop production as much
as nitrates

Pigeon pea rotation will NOT damage soils
38
Root Nodules
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
nodules
© Dr. Jeremy Burgess/Photo Researchers, Inc.
39
Controlled Experiments

Experimental Design

Control Group



Winter wheat planted in pots without fertilizer
Experimental Groups

1-Winter wheat planted in pots with 45 kg/ha nitrate

2-Winter wheat planted in pots with 90 kg/ha nitrate

3-Winter wheat planted in pots that had grown a
crop of pigeon peas
All groups treated identically except for above
40
Crop Rotation Study
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Control pots
Test pots
Test pots
no fertilization treatment
90 kg of nitrogen/ha
Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation
a. Control pots and test pots
of three types
Test pots
45 kg of nitrogen/ha
Wheat Biomass (grams/pot)
20
15
Control Pots
= no fertilization treatment
Test Pots
= 45 kg of nitrogen/ha
= 90 kg of nitrogen/ha
= Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation
10
5
0
year 1
year 2
year 3
b. Results
(All): Courtesy Jim Bidlack
41
Controlled Experiments

Experimental Prediction:


Wheat production following pigeon pea rotation
will be equal or better than following nitrate
fertilizer
Results

45 kg/ha produced slightly better than controls

90 kg/ha produced nearly twice as much as
controls

Pigeon pea rotation did not produce as much
as the controls
42
Controlled Experiments


Conclusion

Research hypothesis was not supported by results

However, research hypothesis was not proven false by
negative results
Revised experiment

Grow wheat in same pots for several generations

Look for soil damage in nitrate pots and improved
production in pigeon pea pots
43
Controlled Experiments

Results

After second year:



After third year


Production following nitrates declined
Production following pigeon pea rotation was greatest of all
Pigeon pea rotation produced 4X as much as controls
Revised conclusions


Research hypothesis supported
Pigeon pea rotation should be recommended over
nitrates
44
A Field Study
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
a. Scientist making observations
resident
male
b. Normal mountain
bluebird nesting
behavior
male
bluebird
model
Approaches per Minute
2.0
c. Resident male
attacking a male
model near nest
Approaches to
male model
1.5
1.0
0.5
Approaches to
female mate
nest 1
nest 2
0
nest
construction
first egg
laid
hatching
of eggs
Stage of Nesting Cycle
female
mate
d. Observation of two experimental nests provided data
for graph.
© Erica S. Leeds
45
Review


Defining Life - Emergent Properties

Materials and Energy

Reproduction and Development

Adaptations and Natural Selection
Biosphere Organization

Human Population

Biodiversity

Classification

The Scientific Method
46
BIOLOGY
10th Edition
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Sylvia S. Mader
A View of Life
47