COLEGIO DE POSTGRADUADOS
INSTITUTO DE FITOSANIDAD
Nacobbus aberrans
- Wide host range.
- High population density in the field.
- Resistant to adverse condition.
- Produce severe galls in the roots.
IN MÉXICO:
- First report by Bruner in pepper crops (1967).
- Impact:
+ Hidalgo State.- Abandon production.
+ Tecamachalco, Puebla.- Losses of 83%.
(Cid del Prado et al., 1997, Cristóbal, 2001).
N. aberrans distribution in Mexico
Cid del Prado et al. (1991).
N. aberrans STUDIES IN MEXICO
FEMALE
MALE
N. aberrans
MALE
MALE
FEMALE
FEMALE
MALE
N. dorsalis
(Aparicio, et al., 1989; Cid del Prado, 1985; Cid del Prado and Manzanilla, 1992; Cid
del Prado et al., 1993; Cid del Prado et al., 1997; Carrillo, 1988; Cruz et al., 1987,
García-Camargo and Trejo, 1995; Santacruz and Marbán, 1983).
TOMATO
(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)
CHILI PEPPER
(Capsicum annuum L.)
BEANS
(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Spinacea oleracea L.
Beta vulgaris L. cv. cicla
Amaranthus cruentus L.
Physalis ixocarpa L.
Amaranthus hybridus
Portulaca oleracea
Chenopodium murale
Datura stramonium
- Complete life cycle (40-45 days) and maximum abundances of each
stage in the roots.
(Cid del Prado et al., 1995b; Cid del Prado et al., 1997a).
- Maximum abundances in tomato crops:
1) J2 at 6, 11, 15 and 22 weeks after transplanting.
2) J3 at 4, 8 and 16 weeks after transplanting.
- Adult females are evident in the second and third week after
transplanting. Abundances may reach 20 females/g root (16th week).
(Cid del Prado et al., 1997).
- In tomato crops under field conditions, 3 generations:
1st. 0
60 days after transplanting (d.a.t.).
2nd. 60
100 d.a.t.
3rd. More that 100 d.a.t.
(Cristóbal, 2001).
- Most favorable conditions for N. aberrans development include sand
to sandy-loam soils, temperature range between 15 and 23°C and 5 and
19% soil moisture.
(Cruz et al., 1987)
Field: 10 kg sterilized soil
plots.
4 plots with 5000
EGGS WITH MASS
4 plots with 5000
J3 and J4
4 plots with 5000
EGGS WITHOUT MASS
4 plots with 500g
fragmented ROOTS
4 plots with 5000
J2
4 PLOTS WITHOUT
NEMATODES
Before treatment, inoculum
viability is tested in the
greenhouse
400g each month
(12 months)
Greenhouse:
Transplanted with tomato cv. Rio Grande (2 plants/treatment), evaluated
45 days later.
- N. aberrans J3 and J4 survive under field conditions without a host
for one year.
- J3 and J4, possibly in anhydrobiotic state, are the primary inoculum
infecting susceptible hosts the next year.
- Survival of J3 and J4 increases if they are in root fragments.
- Eggs and J2 do not survive without a host or under adverse
conditions.
(Cristóbal, 2001).
Without nematodes
Roots
With nematodes
Foliage
Without nematodes
Roots
With nematodes
Foliage
Without nematodes
Roots
With nematodes
Foliage
Corn and barley straw, 1973).
Association and/or incorporation of Tagetes
(Gómez et al.,
1991; Zavaleta-Mejía and Ochoa, 1992).
Crucifer residues with nematicide activity
and Rojas, 1988).
(Zavaleta-Mejía
 Castor bean and cabbage residues applied at
different concentrations and at different dates before
the transplanting (Franco et al., 2002).
CABBAGE / CASTOR BEAN
Lycopersicon esculentum-Nacobbus aberrans
Release of nematicidal substances and/or reception inhibitors.
Increase antagonist microorganism diversity.
Modification of physical properties of soil.
Release nutrients (short-term).
1. INCREASE IN THE NUTRIENT
CONTENT OF FOLIAGE
2. REDUCE NUTRIENT
UNBALANCE INDEX (IDN)
- Fewer galls.
- Fewer galls.
- Phytotoxicity (Cabbage).
- Biomass increase
(Cabbage)
LOWER LEVELS OF SOIL
NUTRIENTS
Lycopersicon esculentum-Nacobbus aberrans
Release of nematicidal substances and/or reception inhibitors.
Increase antagonist microorganism diversity.
Modification of physical properties of soil.
Release nutrients (short-term).
1. FEWER INDIVIDUALS
PER STAGE
- FEWER GALLS.
- INCREASE OF BIOMASS.
(SOIL AND ROOTS)
1. GREATER QUANTITY OF
NUTRIENTS
2. LOWER IDN
HIGHER YIELD
(Total and Commercial).
Samplings in Mexico, Morelos, Puebla and Tlaxcala States
(fields naturally infested with N. aberrans)
Isolates of nematophagous fungi:
Phoma, Acremonium, Catenophora and
Pochonia chlamydosporia (identified by PCR)
Mexican isolations of P. chlamydosporia: SMB3A, SC1, SMB3, SM4 and MHCH.
(Flores-Camacho, 2003).
LAB TESTING
(Potential
Chlamydospores production and viability
(Wheat-quartz sand and
preboiled rice)
as biological control agents)
Rhizosphere
colonization
N. aberrans eggs -
percent parasitized
CHLAMYDOSPORE PRODUCTION AND VIABILITY
- IN WHEAT-QUARTZ SAND:
SMB3A
(MOST PROLIFIC ISOLATE)
ROOT COLONIZATION
- IN PREBOILED RICE:
SM4
(MOST PROLIFIC ISOLATE)
CHLAMYDOSPORES VIABILITY:
SMB3A (93.3%)
ALL THE ISOLATES COLONIZED 100% OF ROOT
FRAGMENTS
EGG PARASITISM
N. aberrans (Montecillo)
N. aberrans (Tecamachalco)
N. aberrans (Zacatecas)
- Of 90 varieties and lines of Capsicum spp., only Capsicum pendulum
= C. baccatum was considered resistant.
(Bruner de Magar, 1967).
- Later studies demonstrated that C. baccatum was susceptibletolerant to N. aberrans, but not resistant.
(Castillo and Marbán-Mendoza, 1984).
- All tomato varieties (wild, criollas, hybrid) tested in the
greenhouse (60) and in the field (81) were susceptible to N.
aberrans.
- Some varieties tested in the greenhouse were tolerant under field
conditions.
(Zamudio, 1987).
N. aberrans
N. aberrans
(PUEBLA)
(ZACATECAS)
0, 1000, 2000 and 4000 J2/plant
Flor de Mayo Criollo
The population from Puebla did not establish or reproduce, but the
population from Zacatecas infected bean crops (from 100 J2)
(Hernández,
Improved varieties:
Criollas varieties:
Bayo Mecentral, Flor de Mayo M-38,
Bayo INIFAP,Black Puebla and Río
Grande.
Yelow Calpan, Black Querétaro, Black
San Luís, Flor de Junio Criollo and Flor
de Mayo Criollo.
SUSCEPTIBLE VARIETIES
Negro Puebla
Bayo INIFAP
MORE...
Black Querétaro
Flor de Junio Criollo
Flor de Mayo Criollo
RESISTANT VARIETIES
CRIOLLAS
Amarillo Calpan
Negro San Luis
IMPROVED
Bayo Mecentral
Rio Grande
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT FOR N. aberrans
SPRING-SUMMER 1997
MANAGEMENT
CONTROL
Basamid (Dazomet) 35 g/m2
Chicken manure 10 ton/ha
Crop age= 30 days after transplanting
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT FOR N. aberrans
Total tomato production under different N. aberrans
control strategies
Management
40
Ton ha-1
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Chicken manure
Control
Oxamyl
SPRING-SUMMER 2001
INTEGRATED
MANAGEMENT
CONTROL
REGIONAL PRACTICES
No nematicide
Carbofuran (1L ha-1) 15,
30 and 60 dpt
Etoprofos gel 68% (7 kg ha-1) at
transplant and 20 dpt
Fertilization:150-100-100
Optimum fertilization: 210-88-00
No fertilization
Chicken manure (10 tonha-1): 30
dpt
Saladette tomato cv. Río Grande
Manejo
Integrated
Integrado
Management
Regional
Testigo
Regional
Practices
ControlAbsoluto
Testigo
Yield (kg/15 plants)
Total Yield
Commercial Yield
Integrated
Manejo
Integrado
Management
Regional
Testigo
Regional
Practices
Treatments
Testigo
Absoluto
Control
WHAT DO WE NEED TO DO?
1.
EXPLORE DIFFERENT STRATEGIES FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF N.
aberrans (plant extracts, green manures, compost, antagonists, etc.).
2. IMPROVE AND VALIDATE THE STUDIES WITH MEXICAN ISOLATES
OF NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI (large scale production and infectivity
tests).
3.
GREATER USE OF VARIETIES RESISTANT TO
POPULATIONS OF N. aberrans (tomato, chili pepper, bean).
MEXICAN
4. CONTINUE THE ESTABLISHMENT AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER FOR
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT OF N. aberrans.
5. PROMOTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS FOR N. aberrans AMONG
FARMERS AND EXTENSION PERSONNEL.
6. MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF THE POPULATIONS.