Interactions among
organisms
The study of how organisms
interact with one another and
their environment is called
_____.
Ecology
Organisms that can interbreed
and produce fertile offspring are
called __________.
Species
A group of the same species
that occupy an area are called a
______
Population
The most biologically diverse
biome is the
a.
b.
c.
d.
swamp.
grassland.
tundra.
tropical rain forest.
The most biologically diverse
biome is the
a.
b.
c.
d.
swamp.
grassland.
tundra.
tropical rain forest.
Which of the following describes
the location of the tundra
biome?
a.
b.
c.
d.
East coast of the U.S.
Just north of the United States
North of Canada
Central America
Which of the following describes
the location of the tundra
biome?
a.
b.
c.
d.
East coast of the U.S.
Just north of the United States
North of Canada
Central America
Leaves change colors on ____
trees in autumn.
a.coniferous
b.permafrost
c.
d.
deciduous
abiotic
Leaves change colors on ____
trees in autumn.
a.coniferous
b.permafrost
c.
d.
deciduous
abiotic
A ____ is a tropical grassland with
scattered clumps of trees.
a.prairie
b.savanna
c.
pampas
d. steppe
A ____ is a tropical grassland with
scattered clumps of trees.
a.prairie
b. savanna
c.
pampas
d. steppe
Salt and fresh water mix in
a.an estuary.
c.
b.the Sargasso Sea.
zone.
a coral reef.
d. the benthic
Salt and fresh water mix in
a.an estuary.
c.
b.the Sargasso Sea.
zone.
a coral reef.
d. the benthic
Ecology and Types of Interactions
Remember: Ecology is the study of
interactions between organisms and their
environment.
Ecology and Types of Interactions
I. Ecologists have described three main
ways that species and individuals
affect each other.
A. Competition
• When two or more
individuals or
populations try to
use the same
limited resource.
A. Competition
• These two trees
are competing for
root space,
sunlight, and
water.
• Competition is
bad for both
because if one
doesn’t receive
enough
resources, it may
die.
1) Limited resource - scarce resources like
water, food, space, even mates.
2) Carrying Capacity the number of
individuals that an environment can
support; controlled by competition for
limited resources and predator/prey
interactions.
What has caused the population
to level out?
Carrying Capacity
B. Predator and Prey
•
The interaction
of one
individual
eating another.
Prey
1. Prey- organism that is eaten. Prey
adaptations include advantages that help
prey hide themselves or escape
predators.
Predator
2. Predator- organism that eats the prey.
Predator adaptations include advantages
over the prey that help predators catch
their prey.
Prey Adaptations
i.
Mimicry - the ability of some creatures
to imitate others, either by sound or
appearance for protective purposes
ii. Camouflage - Protective coloring or another
feature that conceals an animal and enables it to
blend into its surroundings.
iii. Warning Coloration Bright colors and patterns that warn
potential predators of the potential risk that would come from
attacking or eating it.
Predator Prey Relationships
Consumers are Divided into Five
Categories
•
----------------- consumer that eats plants.
Consumers are Divided into Five
Categories
•
•
Herbivore consumer that eats plants.
---------------- consumer that eats animals.
Carnivore
Consumers are Divided into Five
Categories
•
•
•
Herbivore- consumer that eats plants.
Carnivore- consumer that eats animals.
---------------- consumer that eats both
plants and animals.
Omnivore
Consumers are Divided into Five
Categories
•
•
•
•
Herbivore- consumer that eats plants.
Carnivore- consumer that eats animals.
Omnivore- consumer that eats both
plants and animals.
------------------ animals that feed on the
bodies of dead animals.
Scavenger
Consumers are Divided into Five
Categories
•
•
•
•
•
Herbivore- consumer that eats plants.
Carnivore- consumer that eats animals.
Omnivore- consumer that eats both
plants and animals.
Scavengers- animals that feed on the
bodies of dead animals.
____________ - organisms that get their
energy by breaking down the remains of
dead organisms.
Decomposers- Organisms that get
their energy by breaking down the
remains of dead organisms.
Consumers are Divided into Five
Categories
•
•
•
•
•
Herbivore- consumer that eats plants.
Carnivore- consumer that eats animals.
Omnivore- consumer that eats both
plants and animals.
Scavengers- animals that feed on the
bodies of dead animals.
Decomposers- organisms that get their
energy by breaking down the remains of
dead organisms.
C. Symbiosis
• A long-term association between two or
more species.
• There are three types we will be
discussing
1. Mutualism
• A relationship in which both organisms
benefit from each other.
• Cleaner shrimp cleaning a zebra moray eel.
• Bacteria found in human large intestines.
2. Commensalism
• A relationship in which one organism benefits
and the other is unaffected.
Remoras attach themselves to sharks and feed of the
scraps of food that the shark leaves behind.
3. Parasitism
• One organism
benefits while
the other is
harmed.
The parasite is the
organism that
benefits in the
relationship.
The host is harmed
Evolution is tied to the need for
energy.
A. Evolution - the process in
which organisms produce
offspring which are biologically
different than their ancestors, yet
are more capable of surviving
and producing offspring in the
environment.