5.5: Classification
5.5.1: Binomial system of nomenclature
The scientific name of a species consists of two words; both words are italicized but
only the first word is capitalized. For example Homo sapiens, the scientific name for
humans, indicates that humans are one kind of ape in the genus Homo.
Benefits of the binomial nomenclature system include:
1) It is much easier to identify a species with this system.
2) Information about a species can be obtained easily online with just two words.
3) It’s obvious if two species are members of the same genus.
4) All countries use the same name, avoiding difficulties of translation.
5) Scientific names remain the same through time (unless there is a compelling
reason to change it).
Outline the use of the binomial system of nomenclature in Campanula persicifolia.
[2] N10/4/BIOLO/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX
first name/Campanula for genus / second name/persicifolia for
species;
(all) members of Campanula persicifolia share special/unique
features;
two names make a unique combination to designate species /
worldwide
recognized nomenclature;
5.5.2: Heirachy of taxa
There are 7 levels in the hierarchy of taxa:
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus and
Species.
Keep
Poor
Charlie
Out
From
Girls
Schools
M08/4/BIOLO/SP2/ENG/TZ2/XX+ Living
organisms are classified according to their
characteristics using a hierarchy of taxa. State
the missing taxa in the table below.
A Phylum is a member of a Kingdom
A Class is a member of a Phylum
An Order is a member of a Class
A Family is a member of an Order
A genus is a member of a Family
A species is a member of a Genus
Common name: the ginkgo tree
Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Ginkgophyta
Class Ginkgopsida
Order Ginkgoales
Family Ginkgoaceae
Genus Ginkgo
Species Ginkgo biloba
Common name: human ape
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Primates
Family Homonidae
Genus Homo
Species Homo sapiens
5.5.3: Plant phyla
Bryophyta
Filicinophyta
5.3.3: Plant Phyla
Coniferophyta
Angiospermophyta
Plant Phyla
Angiospermophyta
(flowering plants)
Coniferophyta
(conifers)
Roots
True roots that can be
wide-spreading
True roots that grow
deep.
Stems
Leaves
Stems have support
Vast diversity of leaf
tissue and can therefore
shapes.
grow very tall.
Reproductive parts
Produce flowers. Seeds
not in cones.
Water-conserving leaves
Stems have support
(needle-shaped,thick
Do not produce flowers.
tissue and can therefore waxy cuticle, few
Seeds protected in
grow very tall
stomata)
cones.
Short stems that grow
at, or just under, the
ground surface.
Filicinophyta (ferns)
True roots present but
simple.
Bryophyta (mosses)
Lacking true roots; have
Lacking stems
rhizoids instead
Leaves have numerous
subdivisions and
sporangia underneath.
Lacking leaves
Do not produce seeds
Do not produce flowers.
Produce spores.
Do not produce seeds
Do not produce flowers.
Produce spores.
Plants are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms. Describe the different characteristics
of the bryophyta, filicinophyta, coniferophyta and angiospermophyta. [9]
M10/4/BIOLO/SP2/ENG/TZ1/XX
At least one characteristic from each group is needed for maximum credit.
bryophyta have no roots / only have rhizoids;
bryophyta have simple leaves/stems / only a thallus;
bryophyta produce spores in capsule;
byrophyta are nonvascular;
bryophyte exhibit (pronounced) alternation of generations / a significant gametophyte
generation;
filicinophyta have roots, stems and leaves;
filicinophyta (often) have divided/pinnate leaves;
filicinophyta produce spores in sporangia/spores on the undersides of leaves;
filicinophyta exhibit alternation of generations;
filicinophyta have primitive vascular tissue / no true xylem and phloem;
coniferophyta have woody stems;
coniferophyta (often) have narrow leaves/needles/scales;
coniferophyta produce seeds in cones/unenclosed seeds;
angiospermophyta have flowers;
angiospermophyta have ovules in ovaries;
angiospermophyta produce seeds (with hard coats) in fruits; [9 max]
Using simple external recognition features,
distinguish between the plant phyla
bryophyta and angiospermophyta. [4]
M10/4/BIOLO/SP2/ENG/TZ2/XX+
5.5.4: Animal phyla
Porifera
Cnidaria
5.5.4: Animal phyla
Platyhelminthes
Annelida
5.5.4: Animal phyla
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Animal Phyla
Symmetry
Support
structures
Mouth
Porifer
(sponges)
Asymetrical
Spicules
lacking
Cnidaria
(jellyfish, corals)
Radial
Hydrostatic or
CaCO3
present
Platyhelminthes
(flatworms/tapeworms)
Annelida
(leeches, worms)
Bilateral
Hydrostatic
Bilateral
Hydrostatic or
CaCO3
present
Anus
lacking
Additional
Pores cover surface
present
Tentacles
present
Flat bodies/
no appendages
Ring-shaped segments
present
present
Radula
Mollusca
(snails, squid, octopus)
Bilateral
Hydrostatic
present
present
Arthropoda (insects, spiders,
crustaceans)
Bilateral
Exoskeleton
made of chitin
present
present
Segmented bodies/
jointed appendages
5.5.5: Dichotomous Key
N05/4/BIOLO/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX