Shifting Terrains, Crossing Boundaries
Digital Libraries are Personal and
Social Again!
Shalini R. Urs
International School of Information Management
University of Mysore
Mysore, India
shalini@isim.ac.in
Agenda
•
•
•
•
•
Shifting Terrains of the library idea
Crossing Boundaries of knowledge
Digital Library—Grand Challenges
DL 2.0 and its potential and possibilities
Some Examples and Exemplars
“
In the ancient times, libraries were
essentially places for scholarship, archives
of government and business transactions,
and places for intellectual discourse, in
addition to being social and cultural
institutions.
The notion of a library has been that of
a repository of knowledge and a
meeting place for scholars to pursue
scholarship through interaction with the
written works and scholars
The Library as an idea
Repositories
of
knowledge
concept
varies from
oral culture
to written
cultures
In oral
cultures,
human
beings are
also
repositories
of
knowledge
Cultures
that
traditionally
transfer
knowledge
in an oral
fashion
often
embed their
knowledge
In different
forms
such as
stories,
songs,
artifacts
and
rituals.
Libraries are
durable and tentative
Alexandrian Library
The Library of Alexandria held
over half a million documents
from Assyria, Greece, Persia,
Egypt,
India and many other nations.
Over 100 scholars lived
at the Museum full time
to perform research,
write, lecture or
translate and copy
documents.
Nalanda Library ( 4th Century India)
The library of Nalanda, known as Dharma Gunj
(Mountain of Truth) or Dharmagañja (Treasury of
Truth), was the most renowned repository of
Buddhist knowledge in the world at the time. Its
collection was said to comprise hundreds of
thousands of volumes, so extensive that it
burned for months when set aflame by Muslim
invaders.
Library as a Metaphor
• Library is a metaphor for dynamic spaces for
human information interactions
(informational experiences )
• This is the notion that we get when we
consider the libraries of Alexandria or
Nalanda
• The library is a metaphor for that
space(physical or cyberspace )
• This metaphor is quite old ( even in
traditional societies such as India)
Library as a collection
• In the post Gutenberg era – we seemed to
have moved to the idea of library as a
collection
• And organising the collection and findability
took centre stage
• Access became the “mantra” and libraries
became synonymous with documentary
collections
• The idea of a meeting place continued but
more as an adjunct rather than central to the
notion of library.
Library as Social Knowledge/Public
Memory
• Based on and extrapolating the notion of
Science as Public Knowledge (Ziman, 1969)
libraries have been considered as social
knowledge – accessible and available to one
and all, while individual knowledge /individual
memory is accessible and available to only
oneself ( Kemp, 1976).
• Invention of writing helped civilisation to
externalise the individual knowledge
Library as an outsourced personal
information store
• Historically, libraries are one of the early ‘out
sourcing’ business models
• Customers( users) began to outsource their
information store and activities to libraries
• Information activities transited from ‘private’
places (individual activities) to public places
(outsourced to professionals/profession)
• Libraries moved from being private places to
“public places”
Libraries as cultural institutions
• David Carr (2006) in “ Minds in Museums and
Libraries:The Cognitive Management of Cultural
Institutions” examines the shared cognitive
dimensions of cultural institutions like museums,
libraries, and parks, and suggests that they make
similar situations for transmitting information.
• Libraries (archives , museums, parks ..) are places
that offer cognitive experiences to people
integrating the past with the present bringing a
history of knowing, reflecting and understanding .
•
Crossing Boundaries
With ubiquitous networked devices,
information is flowing through the
“distributed cognition,” the new
hypothetical “ether”
The human mind is now constantly and
continuously wired to the world brain (
H.G. Wells’s vision and now a reality)
through the “distributed cognition”
In a sense the boundaries of
personal knowledge/memory and
public/memories are crossing over
Crossing Boundaries
• The concept of boundaries has been used
frequently over the last decade in organisational
studies, information systems and communication
research. Boundaries can be thought of as
discontinuities of some form.
• Crossing boundaries of various kinds is an
essential feature of networked world. In an
increasingly globalised and networked world we
can expect boundary-crossing in all our
interactions —both formal and informal
communications .
Crossing Boundaries
• Understanding the significance and diversity of
these boundary crossing phenomenon, and ways of
variously exploiting or overcoming them, is likely to be
of increasing significance in all forms of knowledge
transfer.
• The network metaphor and its fusion of a range of
theories( including the Social Networking Analysis)
provides a useful perspective on interpreting the role
and position of digital libraries against the wider
background of research into the networking
phenomenon
Crossing Boundaries
• Research across various disciplines, reflect this
trend – boundary crossing and has also led to
the notion of “ Networked Individuality”.
• On the one hand the new economy and work
force is organized around global networks yet on
the other hand the work process is increasingly
individualized.
• This is also true of individuals and societies —
it is both a case of distributed public cognition
and a personalized individualized cognition.
Digital Libraries
• Digital Libraries (DLs), a field that is coterminous with
the Internet, has entered teenage and is on the cusp
of change
• In the first era technical aspects dominated research
and discourse and researchers were immersed
deeply in confronting the technological challenges of
building DLs. Thus in the beginning digital libraries
seemed cold and impersonal.
• Ackerman (1994) cautioned “… be careful not to
carelessly obliterate some of the important features
of current libraries… (Do not) remove social exchange
and interaction, focusing narrowly on the technical
mechanisms of information access.
Digital Libraries
• Ackerman said “ This is not only unwise, it is
unnecessary since we could provide mechanisms for
social exchange and interaction within our systems.”
• The second era, is witness to a renaissance of the
social dimension of libraries with the realization that
DLs are to be usable and engaging.
• With the advent and adoption of web 2.0 paradigm
and technologies, DLs are crossing borders and are
back to being personal and social again.
• The web 2.0 technologies have helped turn the
realization into a reality.
Digital Libraries
• The contemporary digital libraries transcend
geographical and disciplinary boundaries, cross over
diverse content types from scholarly to trivia and
document genres of every kind and embrace digital
objects of different hues and formats from
manuscripts to maps, from to datasets to
courseware, from images to music, from
presentation slides to laboratory notes.
• The notion of metadata is transformed and fine
grained to include everything from author to
annotations to access modes.
Digital Libraries
• Examination of the some definitions of digital
libraries then (first era) and now ( second era)
reflects this transformation/ avatar of digital
libraries
A working definition of digital
library
"Digital libraries are organizations that
provide the resources, including the
specialized staff, to select, structure, offer
intellectual access to, interpret, distribute,
preserve the integrity of, and ensure the
persistence over time of collections of
digital works so that they are readily and
economically available for use by a defined
community or set of communities".
(Digital Library Federation , 1999)
DELOS Digital Reference Model
and manifesto
• "The DELOS Network of Excellence on Digital
Libraries now envisions a Digital Library as a tool
at the centre of intellectual activity having no
logical, conceptual, physical, temporal, or
personal borders or barriers on information.
• It has moved from a content-centric system that
simply organizes and provides access to particular
collections of data and information, to a personcentric system that aims to provide interesting,
novel, personalized experiences to users.
•
Contemporary Visions of DLs
•
Its main role has moved from static storage
and retrieval of information to facilitation
of communication, collaboration, and other
forms of interaction among scientists,
researchers, or the general public on
themes that are pertinent to the
information stored in the Digital Library."
Contemporary Visions of DLs
• In its new “avatar” of digital libraries, the
emphasis has shifted from technical to social
aspects of personalisation, interaction,
collaboration and co-creation of content and
commentaries.
• “Co-creation” model advocated by management
gurus C.K. Prahalad and Venkat Ramaswamy
exemplifies a landscape where in,
“Knowledgeable, web-empowered consumers will
usher in … (a system) characterized by "cocreating value through personalized experiences
unique to the individual consumer."
Contemporary Visions of DLs
• From open source and open access movement to
wisdom of the crowd movements, today’s world is
characterized by mass collaboration.
• Digital Library 2.0 are characterised by - “being
everywhere”; “no barriers”; “spirit of participation”;
“flexible and best-of-breed systems”; being “human
and recognizing that its users are human too”
• The new DL is all about collaborative network of
different digital libraries, and networking of DLs with
clients.
• DL 2.0 offers a personal learning landscape—
MyDL: a personal and personalized digital library.
Why DL 2.0 ?
• Do we need to develop DL 2.0 just because we want to
join the new whizz kid on the block?
• Not necessarily. Web 2.0 is not just about new tools for
content co creation and management, but also about
‘wikinomics of DL’.
• The “ crowd sourcing” and the “Wikinomics” model is
the zeitgeist thing. Zeitgeist, referring to the moral and
intellectual trends of a given era characteristic of an age
or generation has some similarities to Thomas Kuhn's
idea of scientific paradigms
•
(Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything by
Don Tapscott and Anthony D. Williams, December 2006)
DL- Indian Scenario
• Indian DL Conferences :
• Pre Web digital content issues was the InfoTex
93 - An International Conference on Database
Production and Distribution: Resources,
Technology and Management, held at
Bangalore, 28 Nov - 1 Dec 93 organized by
Informatics India Limited.
• The first digital library conference of India was
the SIS 96 – the 15th Annual Convention and
Conference, 18-20 Jan 1996, Bangalore
organized by the Society for Information
Sciences.
• The major conferences that following the web
and the Internet era and events which created
the buzz around the field of digital libraries
were the ICADL 2001 held in
Bangalore(www.icadl2001.org)
• ICDL (International Conference on Digital
Libraries) organized by TERI (the Energy
Research Institute) during 2004, 2006 and
now in 2010
The digitization and digital
library projects
• Digital Library of India (DLI) Initiative is the
Indian part of the Universal Digital Library
and the Million Books to the Web projects.
• The Million Books to the Web project is a
collaborative project between the Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh and the
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore and
many more organizations across the US,
India and China
• The Traditional Knowledge Digital Library
(TKDL) is a knowledge repository of the
traditional knowledge setup by the NISCAIR
( National Institute of Science
Communication and Information
Resources, CSIR
• The objective of this library is to protect the
ancient and traditional knowledge of the
country from exploitation such as biopiracy and unethical patents
(http://www.niscair.res.in/).
• The Muktabodha Digital Library and Archiving
Project was begun in 1995 as a manuscript
microfilming project focusing mainly on
photographing at-risk and rare palm-leaf Vedic
Shrauta Ritual manuscripts from both private
collections and from libraries.
(http://www.muktabodha.org/).
• Kalasampada: Digital Library- Resource for
Indian Cultural Heritage (DL-RICH) project
sponsored by Ministry of Communication and
Information Technology (MCIT)
(http://www.ignca.gov.in/dlrich/)
• Vidyanidhi digital library and eScholarship
portal project at the University of Mysore
(www.vidyanidhi.org.in), which began as a
pilot project in 2000 to demonstrate the
feasibility of Electronic Theses and
Dissertations (ETD) in India. Today
Vidyanidhi funded by the Ford Foundation
is one of the largest repositories of Indian
theses with more than 15000 full texts and
150,000 metadata records.
DL : the grand challenges
• Personal information management
• Long term relationships between humans
and information collections and systems
• Role of digital libraries, digital collections
and other information services in
supporting teaching, learning, and human
development
• Active environments for computer
supported collaborative work
(Clifford Lynch : Dlib , July 2005)
Grand Challenges…
• Flat applications and liquid content
• New social and service affordances
• New business and organizational patterns
• The new information hubs
• The long tail and attention
(Lorcan Dempsey, Ariadne, 2006)
Grand Challenges …
• Expand what can be searched
• Use context for information retrieval
• Integrate information spaces into everyday
life
• Reduce data to actionable information
• Improve productivity through information
access.
(Ronald Larsen, NSF Workshop , 2003)
Digital world is redefining scientific
theory
• ‘Sixty years ago, digital computers made information
readable. Twenty years ago, the Internet made it
reachable. Ten years ago, the first search engine
crawlers made it a single database and now Google
and like-minded companies are treating this massive
corpus as a laboratory of the human condition.
( Chris Anderson, 2009)
• It is time for us redefine (revisit) the library idea and
look at libraries as information spaces seamlessly
integrating formal and informal communication
crossing boundaries of all kinds.
Web 2.0 – Features
Engagement, Participation, Involvement
Interactive, Collaborative, Community
Dynamic Content – Fluid and form-free
Rich Media – Crossing over the literacy
boundary
Scalability
Future Users ???
70
60
3.2 billion
50
60% In China, India,
Indonesia
40
30
20
10
0
Old
Young to
Adult
Very young
World Population
percentage
Future Aspirations ???
Education ( Vidya)
by
Mobile
Reaching the Unreached through
mobiles and social media
• How do we help the
emerging
world/society/markets to
benefit from the
opportunities that DLs
provide for inclusive growth
especially education for all.
How can DLs be the platform
for learning and
participating in the
economic activities through
ecommerce?
The Unseen Power of Billion Hands
• reCAPTCHA is a system, originally developed
at Carnegie Mellon University that uses
CAPTCHA to help digitize the text of books
• reCAPTCHA supplies subscribing websites with
images of words that optical character
recognition (OCR) software has been unable
to read. The system is reported to solve over
100 million captchas every day (as of October
2010)*
* Wikipedia
Realizing the power of billions
• The reCAPTCHA program originated with
Guatemalan computer scientist Luis von Ahn, who
realized "he had unwittingly created a system that
was frittering away, in ten-second increments,
millions of hours of a most precious resource: human
brain cycles."[
• Google acquired reCAPTCHA in 2009 and is using
reCAPTCHA for digitizing the archives of the New
York Times.Twenty years of The New York Times have
been digitized and the project hopes to have the 110
other years done by the end of 2010
Google itself is an example of monetizing the billion clicks
Participatory model …
UNESCO World
Heritage
• One of the important
focus areas for digital
libraries is the
preservation of cultural/
heritage materials
• Here is another example
of the social web strategy
for the same
Artstor
Some Examples from India (Avaaj
Otalo )
• Avaaj Otalo (literally, “voice stoop”) is an
interactive voice application for small-scale
farmers in Gujarat, India.
• It is a voice-based system accessible
through mobile phones
• The most popular feature is asking
questions and browsing others’ questions and
responses on a range of agricultural topics.
Some Examples (Avaaj Otalo )
For all 51 farmers this was the first
experience participating in an online
community of any sort.
A lively social space with norms,
persistent moderation, and provide
for both structured interaction with
institutionally sanctioned authorities and
open discussion with peers
•The simple menu-based navigation was
readily learned, with users preferring numeric
input over speech.
Nokia – Ovi Life Tools
• Inspired by the vision of transforming
society beyond selling mobile phones,
Nokia has begun a programme called
Nokia-Ovi Life tools in various parts of the
word including India
• Targeting the 15-45 age group ( urban,
semi Urban and Rural) with mobile
phones, this programme is aimed at
addressing the knowledge pains across
four verticals – Agriculture, Education,
Entertainment, and Healthcare
Nokia – Ovi Life Tools
Agriculture
Education
Entertainment
Healthcare
Gyanpedia
• Gyanpedia is an online digital content
repository generated by children and teachers
of rural government schools across India.
• Gyanpedia-an initiative of Digital
Empowerment Foundation with support from
Media Lab Asia, is a Comprehensive,
multilingual, dynamic virtual platform for
country wide content exchange program for
the learning community – children as well as
teachers.
Gyanpedia
• Gyanpedia allows anyone with an Internet
connection to download or upload any
knowledge/information in any form whether
word, power point, video, image etc
Some Efforts at ISiM
• Personalized, Social Digital Libraries to
support individualized learning
@ ISiM
• Google has introduced an internet based
learning / teaching environment, called
Google Gooru.
• The Gooru pilot project in India has been
started with 11 different schools, assisting
grade 5 teachers in their teaching and
making the learning experiences of
students better and enchanting
• ISiM has been given the unique
opportunity to implement Gooru for the
first time, in the higher education milieu
Google Gooru — Features
• Gooru is an innovative – interactive
learning/teaching environment offering
several features that have the potential to
significantly enhance the learning experience
of students
• The key feature and functionality of Gooru is
its ability to cross borders by integrating the
class room teaching, rich web resources,
digital text book with annotations, and
leveraging on the social web to provide a
networked learning experience.
1. Live Classroom / Guest Speaker
• Facilitates either
the teacher (or a
guest speaker) to
log in and address
the class.
• The learning
experience of a
class enhanced by
a guest lecture who
is brought in by the
teacher.
2. Classplan
•
•
A basic plan for a particular class or a particular
lecture session.
Gooru allows the teacher to create a teaching plan
and enhance it by suggesting additional resources
and videos, which would augment that session
3. Classbook
• Classbook gives enhanced
classroom learning experience
that leverages on the social web
and extend the teacher directed
social learning beyond the
classroom into the digital
textbook
• Personalize the textbook with
notes, bookmarks and
highlights, share their notes with
their classmates, discuss a topic
or ask a question bring the
magic of classroom learning into
the digital textbook.
Fluidity by integrating web content
•Teachers can
very conveniently
use rich web
content organized
as a playlist and
guest speakers to
make the
classroom very
engaging
Education | Empowerment |
Engagement
WikiGyan is a portmanteau of the wordsWiki (Hawaian) meaning "quick"
and
Gyan ( in Sanskrit) meaning “knowledge”.
Premised on …
“If Knowledge is power, then
information is empowering”
Data …data everywhere …but
no information and
no insights
Data Ecosystem
•
•
•
•
Quite a lot of open data
Open Set of Services and Applications ( APIs)
Consumers and Creators of data
Data usually is quite free ( Census Data,
Elections data; development data…)
• Social Media ( huge resource of data and
metadata)
• Most of the time accessible directly through
APIs
Where ???
• Governments, Non Government
Organisations, Academic researchers and
others routinely collect data on different
aspects of society – such as poverty, literacy,
education, health, and others.
• These data generally end up in tons of reports,
and spreadsheets.
• In case of Government, most of these data are
public domain, in case of others; they are
generally ready to share.
Some very good examples and
exemplars
• Dataplace - one-stop source for housing and
demographic data about your community, your
region, and the nation( www.dataplace.org)
• Timepedia Chronoscope (Turning Tables into time
machines)(http://timepedia.org/chronoscope/)
• Freebase ( www.freebase.com)
• Many eyes from IBM
(http://manyeyes.alphaworks.ibm.com/manye
yes/)
• Swivel (www.swivel.com)
• Gapminder ( www.gapminder.org)
Eliminating Information Friction - why?
• Information Friction impedes –
• Economic transactions (Ex. Farmers selling their
produce without having access to market information).
• Policy choices and prioritising (Policy makers taking
decisions without right socio, economic, and
demographic data).
• Development Choices and making use of opportunities
( Ex. rural women not aware of the government
welfare schemes for women; students using online
learning materials, when it is not available locally/ or
on campus)
• Effective Management (epidemic control and
management disaster management, terrorism
management …)
Now some gyan about WikiGyan
• WikiGyan is a project to build such an information
sharing platform for development data. What is
envisaged is a system that enables people to
upload their data, tag and add metadata,
integrate data, visualize the trends and mapped
data. Specifically • WikiGyan enables people/organizations to share
data on the society (elections, health,
education…) and gain insights through data
analytics and intelligence.
Gyan about WikiGyan…
• It is a suite of the tools that lets people to
upload spreadsheets, down load them, build
databases, enable data warehousing, visualize
data in different ways, and gain insights
through data analytics.
• For simplicity, we call it a combo of a YouTube
for spreadsheets and Wikipedia for structured
information
Education | Empowerment | Engagement
Wikigyan@ISiM
• Wikigyan is a common platform people to
upload/download the data, automatic integration of data
and visualization on a large scale.
• We believe such a platform which can offer actionable
insights to the public at large.
• Our platform will achieve this through an online
Internet- based data warehousing system that can scale to
a large number of NGOs, verticals, data formats,
visualization needs and consumers (typically the common
public).
•When the user uploads the excel files of structured data
integrates the same into the data warehouse.
• Once the data integrated, then provides for the
WikiGyan Process Model
• Redeeming the wasteland of class projects. Turning
student class projects into powerhouse of tools
development.
• Harnessing students’ power. The vast majority of the
student community across the nation, continuously
build, refine and fine-tune the system and enable
NGOs, Governments, and researchers to put ‘ data
to work’
• Kindling the social responsibility nerve. Voluntary
involvement of industry, and academic experts.
• Empowering the Government and the NGOs in their
mandate of transforming society
• Xampp for Linux 1.6: XAMPP is great because
integrates open source components like Linux,
Apache server, PHP, MySql and takes only a
few commands to get a fully integrated LAMP
system up and running.
• Mediawiki 1.13.1 : MediaWiki offering a host
of features, including an optional file upload
feature, a very comprehensive mark-up, very
good internationalization support has been
chosen. MediaWiki is written in PHP and uses
a MySQL database. Installation is incredibly
simple. It is built to work in almost any Web hosting environment where HTML can also be
used.
Pentaho BI
• Pentaho BI - is a is Open Source application
software for enterprise reporting, analysis,
dashboard, data mining, workflow and ETL
capabilities for Business Intelligence (BI) needs.
It is easy to use and scalable and is being
endorsed by the open source community. It
has comprehensive capabilities include data
integration, data mining and business
intelligence and reporting. Kettle and WEKA
are integrated parts of Pentaho
Government
Wikigyan@ISiM
Education | Empowerment | Engagement
Wikigyan@ISiM
WikiGyan Work Flow:
WikiGyan – Metadata Module
Data Visualisation through charts
Crossing over boundaries
1
• DL is NOT a collection, it is an information space and
an experience. No boundaries or borders of content
types or such confining /limiting notions
• Catherine Marshal (2004) defines a boundary—in the
context of digital libraries—as, "...something that
tends to separate, to interpose; a boundary is a
perceptible seam in the social fabric, the
technological infrastructure, or a physical setting or
may span all three", and goes on to urge “...we
should design creatively to get around the
interpretative boundaries like document, collection,
and metadata boundaries.”
Co-creation
2
• Management Guru C K Prahalad popularized the notion
of co-creation . According to him product innovations
happen at those companies that are working with their
customers as activists and collaborators in the creation
process.
• DLs are no longer about collection building, it is about
collection sharing and co-creation.
• It is also about fine-tuning the metadata.
• Look at examples – Wikipedia, Youtube, Flickr,
slideshare . DLs need to integrate and go beyond these (
Library of Congress and Flickr collaboration).
• Such a collaboration will also perhaps usher in the DL
3.0 era – Enmeshing the ontologies and Folkosonomies
Interaction
3
• Today the mass media such as TV have become
interactive. They provide for participation and viewer
interaction.
• Annotations are one form of interactions. To
"annotate" is "to make or furnish critical or
explanatory notes or comment”.
• In the digital library context, annotations can serve
broadly to create new information resources, to
interpret existing ones, to access resources in new
ways, and to support the effective use of resources
• Annotations make DLs more and more fluid and
interactive
Annotations as a sign of engagement
• Study of Marginalia in English Renaissance texts shows
that students of the time were routinely taught that
simply reading a book was insufficient. In order to have
a "fruitful interaction" with a text. Marking it up with
one's thoughts and reactions was considered essential.
• Marginalia and other signs of engagement and use –
even such apparently content-neutral additions as food
stains –were considered as valuable evidence of reader
reaction, and the place of the physical information
object in people's lives.
• Providing users the ability to annotate digital content
also creates new streams of naturalistic evaluation
data, evidence of engagement stronger than a page
view or a link to the collection item from another page.
Dynamic Content to personalisation
• Information resources do not come neatly packaged as
4 indivisible ( atomic) Units. Some of the content is real
time observational data.
• As Svenonius points out in her book the intellectual
foundation of Information organization – documents with
uncertain boundaries which are ongoing…have identity
problem…you cannot step into the same river …
• DLs need to confront the challenges of this flowing stream
of content without boundaries and leverage on making it
personal and contextual
• Enabling the users to have the informational
experiences in their own ways is the key to
personalization
DLs are social again
5
• As cautioned by Ackerman (1994) in one of the early
DL94 conference position DLs have “to be careful
not to carelessly obliterate some of the important
features of current libraries… (Do not) remove social
exchange and interaction, focusing narrowly on the
technical mechanisms of information access.
• Bringing in the Social Dimension will turn DL
enterprise into a scalable and sustainable one too!
• With web 2.0, DLs are very much social again. We
can perhaps make it more social than ever before
Collections are for users to share, tag,
annotate, comment on
Five
Laws
of DL
2.0
Every user in the Long Tail of Users,
her content
Every byte of “content” in the Long
Tail(flowing information river), its user
Information creation, share and use
in ‘Real Time’
Information is fluid , dynamically created
in real time through participation
With due reverence and apologies to Ranganathan
Digital Libraries: Future Scenarios
• DLs are to be information spaces offering
information experiences to users. A combination of
Mobiles and “wisdom of the crowds” model.
• Information Experiences are affordable, personal,
and accessible through Mobiles
• We can leverage on the mobile revolution sweeping
across the world (India: more than 600 million cell
phones) for mobile learning. With mobiles the last
mile of connectivity has been overcome. Mobiles
and internet will be the silver bullet for social
transformation.
References
• Ziman, J., “Public Knowledge: the Social Dimension of
Science“ ; Cambridge University Press, 1968
• Kemp, D. A. , “Nature of knowledge: and introduction for
librarians”; Clive Bingley, 1976,
• Carr, David ., “A place not a place: reflection and possibility in
museums and libraries” ; Rowman Altamira, 2006.
• Catherine Marshall and A. B. Brush. “Exploring the
relationship between personal and public annotations” In
Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on
Digital Libraries (Tuscon, AZ, USA, June 07 - 11, 2004). JCDL
'04. ACM, New York, NY, 349-357. DOI=
http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/996350.996432
•
References…
• Mark S. Ackerman.“Providing Social Interaction in the Digital
Library” In Proceedings of the Digital Libraries Workshop DL’94 : Springer-Verlag, 1994
• Leonardo Candela et al. “Setting the Foundations of Digital
Libraries; The DELOS Manifesto” D-Lib Magazine, March/April
2007. Volume 13 Number 3/4. Available at
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march07/castelli/03castelli.html.
Accessed on March 3, 2010.
References
• John Bollen et al. “Trend Analysis of the Digital Library
Community” D-Lib Magazine January 2005, Volume 11
Number 1. Available at
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january05/bollen/01bollen.html.
Accessed on March 3, 2010.
• C.K. Prahalad and Venkat Ramaswamy. “The Future of
Competition: Co-Creating Unique Value with Customers”
USA: Penguin books, 2004
• Thomas S. Kuhn. “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions”.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1962.
• Don Tapscott and Anthony Williams “Wikinomics: How Mass
Collaboration Changes Everything” USA: Penguin books, 2008
THANK YOU