In the Name of Beauty
Shahid Sadoughi University Of Medical
Sciences
English Language Dep.
Academic Writing Workshop
By: Mahdi Aghabagheri
Rudiments of Grammar
 Parts of Speech: word classes: forms
 Noun, n.
 Determiner, det.
 Pronoun, pron.
 Verb, v.
 Adjective, adj.
 Adverb, adv.
 Preposition, prep.
 Conjunction, conj.
 Interjection, interject.
 Form and function analysis
 Form: noun – out the sentence
 Function:
-- in the sentence
 1. Subject
 2. Direct object
 3. Indirect object
 4. Object of preposition
 5. Object complement
 6. Subject complement
 7. Appositive
 The units of English language
 Phoneme
 Morpheme
 Derivational morphemes
 Im-+Possible prefix
 Converse+-ation suffix
 Assure
 Enlarge
 Beauty + -ful + -ly
 Hope + -less + -ness
 Inflectional morphemes
 Noun: -’s, -s
 Verb: -s, -ing, -ed, -en
 Adjective: -er, -est
 smaller vs. teacher
 Word:
 Lexicons (lexical morphemes): noun, verb,
adjective, adverb, preposition
 Functors (functional morphemes): particles,
auxiliaries, determiners, pronouns,
complementizers
 Phrase
 Noun (nominal) ph: a pretty girl, Ali’s mother, a big




garden
Adjective (adjectival) ph: extremely hard, very good,
incredibly tall
Adverb (adverbial) ph: pretty well, very well,
extremely hard
Verb (verbal) ph: must have done, should have eaten
Prepositional ph: in the class, out of the door
 Infinitive ph: form: verb, function:
noun
 To speak English is easy for me.
 It is easy for me to speak English.
 Gerund ph: verb+-ing  form: verb, function: noun
 Subject: Speaking English is easy for me.
 Object of verb: I like speaking English.
 Love, enjoy, hate, dislike, deny
 Object of preposition:
 I am interested in speaking English.
 I am afraid of speaking English.
 Complement: My interest is speaking English.

I am speaking English.
 Appositive ph:
 William Shakespeare, the greatest
writer of England, wrote Macbeth.
 Participial ph: Present Participle, Past Participle
 Verb+ -ing
 I am speaking English.  part of the verb
 Interchange is an interesting book.  adjective
 Regular: work  worked, like  liked
 Irregular : go  gone, know  known
 I have taught English for 11 years.  present perfect
 I am interested in English.
 Clause
 Independent or main
 Dependent or subordinate :
 Connector + independent cl.
 Sentence
 Simple
 Compound
 Complex
 Compound-complex
Time vs. Tense
 Universal Grammar: Chomsky
 Past
 Present
 Future
‫‪Tenses in Persian‬‬
‫زمان‬
‫گروه مطلق‬
‫گروه نقلی‬
‫گروه التزامی‬
‫گذشته‬
‫ساده‬
‫استمراری‬
‫بعید‬
‫مستمر‬
‫ساده نقلی‬
‫استمراری نقلی‬
‫بعید نقلی‬
‫مستمر نقلی‬
‫التزامی‬
‫حال‬
‫ساده‬
‫اخباری‬
‫مستمر‬
‫آینده‬
‫ساده‬
‫التزامی‬
‫گذشته‬
‫‪ ‬ساده‪ :‬گفتم‬
‫‪ ‬استمراری‪ :‬می گفتم‬
‫‪ ‬بعید‪ :‬گفته بودم‬
‫‪ ‬مستمر‪ :‬داشتم می گفتم‬
‫‪ ‬ساده نقلی‪ :‬گفته ام‬
‫‪ ‬استمراری نقلی‪ :‬می گفته ام‬
‫‪ ‬بعید نقلی‪ :‬گفته بوده است‬
‫‪ ‬مستمر نقلی‪ :‬داشته می گفته (است)‬
‫‪ ‬التزامی‪ :‬گفته باشم‬
‫حال ‪ /‬آینده‬
‫‪ ‬ساده‪ :‬گو‬
‫‪ ‬اخباری‪ :‬می گویم‬
‫‪ ‬مستمر‪ :‬دارم می گویم‬
‫‪ ‬التزامی‪ :‬بگویم‬
‫‪ ‬ساده‪ :‬خواهم گفت‬
Tenses in English
Simple
Progressive
Perfect
Perfect
Progressive
Past
simple past
past
progressive
past perfect
past perfect
progressive
Present
simple
present
present
progressive
present
perfect
Future
simple future
future
progressive
present
perfect
progressive
future perfect future perfect
progressive
Past
 1. simple past: liked, went
 2. past progressive: was/were going
 3. past perfect: had gone
 4. past perfect progressive:

had been going
Present
 1. simple present: go, goes
 2. present progressive: am, is, are going
 3. present perfect: has/have gone
 4. present perfect progressive:

has/have been going
Future
 1. simple future: will go
 2. intentional future: am, is, are going to do
 3. future progressive: will be going

am, is, are going to be working
 4. future perfect: will have gone
 5. future perfect progressive:
 will have been going
‫‪Exercise‬‬
‫‪ ‬سال گذشته درسم را تمام کرده ام‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬پائیز سال آینده ازدواج می کنم‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬وقتی می خوابم‪ ،‬خواب های پریشان می بینم‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬فردا به تهران می روم‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬یافته ها نشان داده اند که ارتباط آماری معنادار بین متغیرهای‬
‫‪ 1‬و‪ 2‬وجود دارد‪.‬‬
Sentences in English
 Subject + predicate
 Noun, pronoun + 1. verb + Ø

2. verb + complement
 1. The sun rises.
 2. My father gave some money to my sister.
 3. My father gave my sister some money.
 4. Tom goes to university.
 5. They elected him president.
 6. He is a teacher.
Compound sentence
 Independent clause + connector + independent clause
 1. Coordinate conjunctions:
 FAN BOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
 2. Correlative or paired conjunctions:
 Neither … nor
 Either … or
 Both … and
 Not only … but also
 Whether … or
 3. Conjunctive adverbs:
 However, though, nevertheless, therefore, moreover,
accordingly, meanwhile
 4. Compound conjunctions:
 in the meantime, in fact, on the contrary, on the other
hand, as a result
Complex sentence
 Independent cl. + connector + Independent cl.
 Nominal subordinate conjunctions  N. cl.
 Adjectival subordinate conjunctions  Adj. cl.
 Adverbial subordinate conjunctions  Adv. cl.
Noun Clause
 1. Subject:
 What he writes is interesting.
 2. Direct object:
 I know (that) he writes well. (reduced noun cl.)
 3. Indirect object:
 The club will give whoever wins a prize.
 4. Object of preposition:
 I am interested in what he writes.
 5. Subject complement:
 The fact is that he writes well.
 6. Adjective complement:
 I am happy that he writes well.
Relative Clause
 Shakespeare who was the greatest writer of England





wrote Macbeth.
Restrictive relative cl.
Alexander, who was an ambitious general, killed many
innocent persons.
Nonrestrictive relative cl.
Chomsky who believes in cognitive psychology
criticized behaviorism.
Reduced relative cl.
Adverbial Clause
Time
Manner
Condition
after, before, since, when, while, whenever, as,
as soon as, once, until, as/so long as, by the time
(that), now that
as if, as though
Cause
if, unless, even if, only if, in case (that), whether
or not, in the event (that), provided (that),
providing (that)
because, since, as
Effect
so (that), in order (that)
Contrast
although, while, though, even though, whereas
Comparison
than, as
Compound-Complex Sentence
I am an English teacher who
likes English very much, but my
friend is a French teacher liking
French too much.
THANKS FOR ATTENTION