Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 6
Part I
Why Study Anatomy?
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Understand how the human body functions
as an integrated whole.
Recognize changes from the norm.
Determine a scientific basis for the proper
application of services and products
Without knowledge of facial bones and
muscle structure make-up applications might
be difficult
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Knowledge of head contours, bones,
and muscle structure will help with
shampooing, manipulations, haircuts
and hairstyles.
Create a style based on your knowledge
of facial bones and muscle structure.
Recognize the facial bones, nerves, and
muscle structure when performing a
facial.
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Perform manipulations involving the
face, hands, arms, shoulders, neck,
feet, lower legs safely and effectively as
a result of your understanding of bones,
muscles, nerves, and circulation.
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Understanding anatomy and physiology
will help you be more proficient at
performing professional salon services.
Anatomy
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The study of the structures of the
human body that can be seen with the
naked eye, and what they are made up
of; the science of the structure of
organisms or of their parts.
Physiology
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The study of the functions and activities
performed by the body structure.
Histology
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The study of the science of the minute
structures of organic tissues;
microscopic anatomy.
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Homeostasis is the maintenance of
normal, internal stability in the
organism. – write in on pp 113
Molecules of energy turn to fat if they
are not used – write in on pp 114
Cells
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The basic unit of all living things
Without cells, life does not exist
Responsible for carrying on all life
processes
Basic Construction of the cell
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Protoplasm – a colorless jellylike substance in
which food elements are present
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Visualize the white of a raw egg
Nucleus – dense, active protoplasm found in
the center of the cell.
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Plays an important part in cell reproduction and
metabolism
Visualize the nucleus as the yolk of a raw egg
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Cytoplasm – is all the protoplasm of a
cell except what is in the nucleus
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The watery fluid that contains food
material necessary for growth,
reproduction, and self-repair of the cell
Cell Membrane – encloses the
protoplasm and permits soluble
substances to enter and leave the cell
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Cell Structure
Animal Cell Anatomy EnchantedLearning.com
Cell Reproduction and Division
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Mitosis – dividing into two (2) identical
cells called daughter cells
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If conditions are favorable the cell will
grow and reproduce
Adequate supply of food, oxygen and
water; suitable temperatures; ability to
eliminate waste products
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Unfavorable conditions the cell will become
impaired or may be destroyed
 Toxins and disease
Cell Metabolism
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Metabolism – is a chemical process that
takes place in all living organisms,
whereby all cells are nourished and
carry out their activities
Anabolism
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Is constructive metabolism, the process
of building up larger molecules from
smaller ones
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The body stores water, food, oxygen for
cell growth and repair
Catabolism
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Is the phase of metabolism that
involves the breaking down of complex
compounds within the cells into smaller
ones
Anabolism and Catabolism are carried
out simultaneously and continually
Tissues
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Collection of similar cells that perform a
particular function
Specific function and can be recognized
by its characteristic appearance
60 – 90% water
Connective Tissue
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Serves to support, protect and bind
together
Bone cartilage, ligaments, tendons,
fascia, fat or adipose tissue
Epithelial Tissue
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Protective covering on body surfaces
Skin, mucous membranes, lining of the
heart, digestive, and respiratory organs,
and glands
Liquid Tissue
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Blood and lymph, carries food, waste
products, and hormones through the
body
Muscular Tissue
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Contracts and moves the various parts
of the body
Nerve Tissue
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Carries messages to and from the brain
and controls and coordinates all bodily
functions
Special cells (neurons), which make up
the nerves, brain, and spinal cord
Organs
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Groups of tissue designed to perform a
specific function
Table 6-1 pp 115
Body Systems
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Groups of bodily organs acting together
to perform one or more functions
Ten (10) major systems
Table 6-2 pp 116
Endocrine System
pp 137
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Group of specialized glands that affect
growth, development, sexual activities,
and health of the entire body
Glands – specialized organs that
remove certain elements from the blood
to convert them into new compounds
Exocrine glands
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Duct glands –produce a substance that
travels through small tube-like ducts
 Sweat (Sudoriferous)
 Oil (Sebaceous) glands
 Intestinal glands
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Endocrine glands
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Ductless glands release secretions called
hormones
Pancreas, thyroid, adrenal glands, pituitary
gland
 Insulin, adrenaline and estrogen,
stimulate functional activity or secretion
Digestive System
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Gastrointestinal
Responsible for changing food into nutrients
and waste
Digestive enzymes are chemicals that change
certain kinds of food into a form that can be
used by the body
A soluble form
Takes about nine (9) hours to complete
process
Excretory System
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Responsible for purifying the body by
eliminating waste
Metabolism of body produces toxins
that must be removed to prevent
poisoning of the body
Organs of the Excretory
System
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Kidneys excrete urine
Liver discharges bile
Skin eliminates perspiration
Large intestines eliminates decomposed
and undigested food
Lungs exhale carbon dioxide
Respiratory System
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Located within the chest cavity
Enables breathing
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Lungs and air passages
Lungs are spongy tissues composed of
microscopic cells in which inhaled air is
exchanged for carbon dioxide
Diaphragm is a muscular wall that separates
the thorax from the abdominal region and
helps control breathing
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Inhalation
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Breathing in
Oxygen is absorbed into the blood
Exhalation
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Breathing out
Carbon dioxide is expelled from the lungs
Integumentary System
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Skin and its various accessory organs
Oil and sweat glands, sensory
receptors, hair and nails
Covered in depth in chapter 7
Circulatory System
pp 131
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Cardiovascular or vascular system
Controls the steady circulation of the
blood through the body
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Heart
Blood vessels
Two (2) Divisions
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Blood Vascular
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Heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries
Distributes blood throughout the body
Lymph Vascular
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Aid to the blood system
Lymph, lymphatics (lymph vessels), lymph
nodes and other structures
Lymph
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Clear, yellowish fluid that circulates in
the lymphatics
Carries waste and impurities away from
the cells
The Heart
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Body’s pump
Muscular cone-shaped organ that keeps
blood moving within the circulatory
system
Pericardium – membrane that
encloses the heart
Heart
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Approximate size of your closed fist
Weighs approximately 9 ounces
Located in the chest cavity
Regulated by the Vagus or Tenth
(10th) Cranial Nerve
72 – 80 beats per minute resting
Heart Structure
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Four (4) chambers and four (4) valves
Right and Left Atrium
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Right and Left Ventricle
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Thin walled upper chambers
Thick walled lower chambers
Valves – between chambers allow the
blood to flow in only one (1) direction
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Blood is in constant and continuous
circulation from the heart, throughout the
body and back to the heart
Pulmonary Circulation
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Blood flows from the heart to the lungs to be
purified
Systemic Circulation
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General circulation carried the blood from the
heart throughout the body and back to the heart
Circulation Flow
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5.
6.
Blood –from body – to right atrium
Right atrium – through tricuspid valve – to
right ventricle
Right ventricle – to lungs – considered
oxygen rich
Oxygen rich – returns to heart – left atrium
Left atrium – through mitral valve - to right
ventricle –
Blood leaves left ventricle – to the body
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Blood Vessels
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Tube like structures
Function is to transport blood to and
from the heart to various tissues of the
body
Arteries
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Thick-walled, muscular, flexible tubes
that carry oxygenated blood from the
heart to the capillaries
Largest is the aorta
Capillaries
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Minute, thin-walled blood vessels
connecting smaller arteries to the veins
Brings nutrients to the cells and carry
away waste materials
Veins
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Thin-walled blood vessels less elastic
than arteries
Cuplike valves that prevent backflow
and carry blood containing waste
products from capillaries to the heart
Located closer to the outer skin than
arteries
Blood
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Nutritive fluid circulating through the
circulatory system
8 – 10 pints in the human body
1/20th of body weight
80% water
98.6°F - 36°C
Sticky and salty
Red in arteries (oxygen rich)
Blue in veins (oxygen depleted)
Composition of Blood
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Red blood cells
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Red corpuscles
Produced in red bone marrow
Hemoglobin – complex iron rich protein
that blood its bright red color
Function is to carry oxygen to the body
cells
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White blood cells
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White corpuscles
Leukocytes
Function of destroying disease-causing germs
Platelets
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Thrombocytes
Much smaller than red blood cells
Contribute to the blood clotting process, which
stops bleeding
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Plasma
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Fluid part of blood in which red and white cells,
and platelets flow
90% water
Proteins, sugar, and oxygen
Function is to carry food and secretions to cells
and take carbon dioxide away from cells
Chief Functions of Blood
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Carries water, oxygen, food and secretions to
the body
Carries away carbon dioxide and waste
products to be eliminated through lungs, skin,
kidneys, and large intestines
Equalize body temperature – protecting from
extreme heat/cold
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Protects body from pathogenic bacteria
and infections through white blood cells
Closes injured minute blood vessels by
forming clots – preventing loss of blood
The Lymph Vascular System
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Lymphatic System
Acts as an aid to the blood system
Lymph is circulated through the
lymphatic vessels and filtered by the
lymph nodes
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(gland like bodies in the lymphatic vessels)
Filtering process helps to fight infection
Primary Functions Of the
Lymphatic System
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Carry nourishment
Defense against bacteria/toxins
Remove waste from body to blood
Provide suitable fluid environment for
cells
Arteries of the Head, face and
Neck
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Common carotid arteries
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Main source of blood supply to the head,
face and neck
Located on either side of neck
Divided into the internal and external
branch
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Internal carotid artery
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Supplies blood to brain, eyes, eyelids,
forehead, nose and internal ear
External carotid artery
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Supplies blood to the anterior parts of the
scalp, ear, face, neck and side of head
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Facial artery
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External maxillary supplies blood to the
lower region of the face, mouth and nose
Superficial temporal artery
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Continuation of external carotid artery
Supplies blood to the muscles of the front,
side and top of head
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Frontal artery
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Supplies blood to the forehead and upper
eyelids
Parietal artery
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Supplies blood to the side and crown of the
head
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Middle temporal artery
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Supplies blood to the temples
Anterior auricular artery
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Supplies blood to the front part of the ear
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Occipital artery
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Supplies blood to the skin and muscle of
the scalp and back of head to the crown
Posterior auricular artery
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Supplies blood to the scalp area behind
and above the ear, and the skin behind the
ear
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Supraorbital artery
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Supplies blood to the upper eyelid and
forehead
Infraorbital artery
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Supplies blood to the muscles of the eye
Veins of the head, face and
Neck
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Internal Jugular
External Jugular
Blood returning to the heart from the
head, face and neck flow on each side
of the head
Blood Supply of the Arm and
Hand
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Ulnar artery
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Supply blood to the pinkie finger side of
the arm and palm of the hand
Radial artery
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Supply blood to the thumb side of the arm
back of the hand
Blood Supply to the Lower Leg
and Foot
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Popliteal artery
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Anterior tibial
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Divides in two (2)
Goes to the foot
Dorsalis pedis in supplies blood to the foot
Posterior tibial