Daily Warm up
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Review:
What is the function of stratified columnar?
What is one function of adipose?
Which muscle tissue has many nuclei?
What does the term anatomical position
mean?
• There are a lot of components to the
human body: Give an example of how the
body is divided?
Daily Warm up
1. What is the dorsal cavity and ventral
cavity?
2. The thoracic cavity is broken down into
three cavities; what are they? And what is
in them?
Daily Warm up
1. What is the general function of the
integumentary system?
2. Name the organs of the urinary system.
Organization of the
Human Body
Body cavities, membranes, organ systems,
anatomical terminology, body regions
Chapter 1
EQ: Where are the organs of
the body located?
 Human body is a complex structure composed of
many parts
 These parts are divided into
 Cavities
 Membranes within cavities
 Variety of organ systems
Divisions
 Axial Portions
 Head
 Neck
 Trunk
 Appendicular Portions
 Upper limbs
 Lower limbs
How is the
human body
divided?
Answer on your white boards…
Into axial and appendicular portions
Axial – head neck trunk
Appendicular – upper and lower extremities
Axial Portions
 Cranial Cavity
 Vertebral canal
 Thoracic Cavity
 Organs are called viscera
 Abdominopelvic Cavity
 Organs are called viscera
Body Cavities
 The Axial portion of the body is then further
divided into two major cavities – the dorsal
cavity and the ventral cavity
 Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and
is divided into two subdivisions: Cranial cavity &
Vertebral cavity
 Ventral cavity houses the internal organs
(viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions: Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities
Body Cavities
Ventral
Cavity
Figure 1.9a
Into what two
major cavities is the
human body
divided?
Answer on your white boards…
Dorsal and Ventral cavities
Dorsal – cranial and vertebral cavities
Ventral – Thoracic and Abdomniopelvic
Dorsal Body Cavities
 Dorsal cavity
 Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases the
brain
 Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral column
and encases the spinal cord
Body Cavities
Ventral
Cavity
Figure 1.9a
Ventral Body Cavities
 Thoracic cavity is subdivided into
pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and
the pericardial cavity
 Pleural cavities – each houses a lung
 Mediastinum – contains the pericardial
cavity, and surrounds the remaining
thoracic organs
 Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart
Body Cavities
Thoracic cavity
Figure 1.9b
What does the
thoracic cavity
contain?
Answer on your white boards…
Pleural cavities, mediastinum, & pericardial cavities
Plerual cavities – contains the lungs
Mediastinum – pericardial cavity, esophagus,
trachea, & thymus
Pericardial cavity – contains the heart
Ventral Body Cavities
 The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from
the superior thoracic cavity by the domeshaped diaphragm
 It is composed of two subdivisions
 Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach,
intestines, spleen, liver, kidneys, gallbladder
and other organs
 Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis
enclosed by hip bones and contains the
bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
Body Cavities
Thoracic cavity
Figure 1.9b
What does the
abdominopelvic
cavity contain?
Answer on your white boards…
Abdominal & Pelvic cavities
Abdominal cavity– contains stomach, liver, spleen,
gallbladder, kidneys, small & large intestines
Pelvic cavity – contains the terminal portion of the
large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive
organs
Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
 Parietal pleura lines internal body walls
 Visceral pleura covers the internal organs
 Serous fluid separates the parietal and visceral
pleura
 Potential space between the membranes is called the
pleural cavity
Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Figure 1.10a
Pericardial Membranes
 Visceral pericardium – covers the heart
 Parietal pericardium – lines the
mediastinum
 Paricardial cavity – potential space
between the membranes
Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Figure 1.10b
Peritoneal membranes
 Lines the abdominopelvic cavity
 Parietal peritonium lines the wall of the abdominal
cavity
 Visceral peritonium covers the organs of the
abdominal cavity
 Pertioneal cavity is the potential space between the
membranes
What is the difference
between parietal
membranes and visceral
membranes?
Answer on your white boards…
Parietal membrane – lines the walls of the
cavities
Visceral membrane – covers the organs
Cavities within the Head
 Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the
digestive organs
 Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose
 Orbital – house the eyes
 Middle ear – contain bones (ossicles) that transmit
sound vibrations
 Synovial – joint cavities
Organ Systems of the Body
Organ Systems
• The human body consists of several organ
systems
• Each system has a set of interrelated
organs that work together
• They work together to maintain
homeostasis
Organ Systems: Body Coverings
Integumentary System
Includes the skin and accessory organs (hair,
nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands)
Protect underlying tissue, helps regulate
temperature, and synthesize certain products
Organ Systems: Support and
Movement
Skeletal System
Includes bones, ligaments,
cartilage
Provides frameworks and
protective shields for soft
tissue, attachment for
muscles, acts with
muscles for parts to
move, and contains
tissues that produce
blood cells and store
inorganic salts.
Organ Systems: Support and
Movement
Muscular System
Includes muscles
Provides forces that move
body parts by contracting
and pulling their ends
Help to maintain posture and
are the main source of
body heat
Organ Systems: Integration and
Coordination
Nervous System
Includes the brain, spinal cord,
nerves and sensory organs
Provides communication between
each other and muscles and glands
using neurotransmitters
Detects changes inside and outside
the body, interprets these changes
and responds to information.
Organ Systems: Integration and
Coordination
Endocrine System
Includes the glands – hypothalamus,
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid,
adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries,
testes pineal and thymus - that
secrete chemical messengers
called hormones.
Move through body fluids – blood or
tissue fluid – to the a certain type of
cell, where it changes the
metabolism of the cell. Effects are
for longer periods of time, as
compared to the nervous system.
Organ Systems: Transport
Cardiovascular System
Includes heart, arteries, capillaries, and blood
Heart pumps blood through the body
Blood transports gases, nutrients, hormones and
wastes
Organ Systems: Transport
Lymphatic System
Includes lymphatic vessels, lymph
nodes, thymus, spleen and lymph
(fluid)
Closely related to the cardiovascular
system
Transports tissue fluid & certain fatty
substances to bloodstream
Defends against infections and
disease-causing microorganisms
and viruses (lymphocytes)
Organ Systems: Absorption and
Excretion
Digestive System
Includes mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary
glands, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, liver, gallbladder,
pancreas, small & larger intestine
Receives food and breaks it down into
simple forms to be passed and
absorbed
Materials not absorbed are eliminated
Can also produce hormones (An
accessory organ to the endocrine
system)
Organ Systems: Absorption and
Excretion
Respiratory System
Includes nasal cavity, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchi, and
lungs
Move air into and out of the body
Exchanges gases between blood
and air
Organ Systems: Absorption and
Excretion
Urinary System
Includes kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and
urethra
Removes wastes from blood, helps maintain
body’s water and salt concentrations
Produces urine
A set of precise terms to describe anatomy
Clinicians and researchers use these terms to
communicate effectively
Terms relate to relative positions of body parts,
imaginary planes along which cuts could be
made on the body, and describe body regions
 Body erect
 Feet slightly apart
 Palms facing forward
 Thumbs point away from
body
Figure 1.7a
Answer on your white boards…
Body erect
Feet slightly apart
Palms facing forward
Thumbs pointed outward
Anterior –
means towards the front
Posterior –
opposite view of anterior;
means toward the back
Answer on your white boards…
heart
Superior –
means the body part is above
another part or is closer to the
head.
Inferior –
means the body part is below
another part or is closer to the
feet
Answer on your white boards…
bladder
Medial relates to an imaginary midline dividing
the body into equal left and right halves.
Body part is medial if it is close to the
midline. (Nose is medial to the eyes)
Lateral –
means toward the side with respect to
the imaginary midline (Ears are lateral to
the eyes)
Answer on your white boards…
hand
Proximal –
 describes a body part that is closer to a
point of attachment closer to the trunk
than another body part. (Elbow is
proximal to the wrist)
Distal –
 opposite of proximal; particular body part
is farther from a point of attachment
compared to the trunk than another body
part. (Fingers are distal to the wrist)
Answer on your white boards…
ankle
Superficial –
situated near the surface
Deep –
parts that are more internal
Answer on your white boards…
quads
Table 1.1
Table 1.1
BODY PLANES
Observing the relative locations and
organization of the internal body parts
requires cutting or sectioning the body
along various planes.
Body Planes
 Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts
 Midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies on the
midline
 Frontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior and
posterior parts
 Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the
body into superior and inferior parts
 Oblique section – cuts made diagonally
Body Planes
Figure 1.8
Activity….
Regional Terms of the Body
Number of terms designate body regions.
Regional Terms: Anterior View
Figure 1.7a
Regional Terms: Posterior View
Figure 1.7b
Abdominopelvic Regions
 Umbilical
 Epigastric
 Hypogastric
 Right and left iliac or inguinal
 Right and left lumbar
 Right and left hypochondriac
Figure 1.11a
Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.11b
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
 Right upper (RUQ)
 Left upper (LUQ)
 Right lower (RLQ)
 Left lower (LLQ)
Figure 1.12
Body Cavities
Body Cavities
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy – the study of the structure of
body parts and their relationships to one
another
• Physiology – the study of the function of the
body’s structural machinery
• Don’t forget they go together- form effects
function and function would influence form.
Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
2 Cellular level
Cells are made up of molecules
Atoms
Smooth
muscle
tissue
3 Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of
cells
1 Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Heart
Cardiovascular
system
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
4 Organ level
Organs are made up of
different types of tissues
Blood
vessels
Blood
vessel
(organ)
6 Organismal level
The human organism is
made up of many organ
systems
5 Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different organs
that work together closely
Figure 1.1
Homeostasis
• Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a
relatively stable internal environment in an
ever-changing outside world
• The internal environment of the body is in
a dynamic state of equilibrium
• Chemical, thermal, and neural factors
interact to maintain homeostasis